Objective To analyze the epidemic features and trends of HIV/AIDS in Guangzhou City during 2008-2021, and to provide a scientific basis for formulating precise and high-efficient prevention and control measures. Methods The information about newly reported HIV/AIDS cases and population in Guangzhou from 2008 to 2021 was obtained from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, and the incidence rates of HIV/AIDS in total population, different genders, age groups and urban and rural areas were calculated. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to establish a regression model to analyze the trend in the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Guangzhou City. Results A total of 16,280 HIV/AIDS cases were reported in Guangzhou City from 2008 to 2021, with the annual average incidence rate of 8.66/100,000. The ratio of male to female cases was 6.27:1, and the incidence rate was higher in males than in females (χ²=7,388.534, P<0.001). Joinpoint regression analysis revealed that the incidence rates increased annually from 2008 to 2015 (APC=20.87%, 95%CI:17.18%-24.67%), but showed no significant changing trend from 2015 to 2018 (APC=0.26%, 95%CI:-13.58%-16.32%) and a downward trend from 2018 to 2021 (APC=-8.58%, 95%CI:-14.94%--1.75%). The middle-aged and young (20-59 years old) were the highest incidence group for HIV/AIDS, with a total of 14,530 cases cumulatively reported, accounting for 89.25% of all cases. After a long-term increase, the incidence rates of HIV/AIDS in all age groups showed a downward trend from 2015, 2016 and 2017 respectively. The ratio of reported cases in the urban and rural areas was 14.07:1, and the incidence rate was higher in the urban areas than in the rural areas (χ²=842.866, P<0.001). The incidence rate in the rural areas continued to rise (APC=16.90%, 95%CI:13.67%-20.22%), and had a tendency to surpass the incidence rate in the urban areas. Conclusion The incidence rates of HIV/AIDS in Guangzhou City during 2008-2021 showed downward trends, but were still higher than the national average level. The prevention and control situation is still grim, and hence it is necessary to pay high attention to high-risk groups and the rural areas, raise the residents’ awareness of voluntary testing, and ensure timely self-testing to know the infection situation as soon as possible so as to play a role in promoting further control the epidemic of HIV/AIDS in Guangzhou City.

Objective To analyze the current status of awareness of AIDS knowledge and sexual behavior characteristics among university students in Hunan Province, and to provide data support for improving AIDS prevention and control in universities in Hunan Province. Methods We conducted a network questionnaire survey on awareness of AIDS knowledge and sexual behavior characteristics among 10,011 students from 5 universities in Hunan Province. The awareness status of AIDS knowledge and its influencing factors among the university students were analyzed. Results A total of 9,991 valid questionnaires were retrieved, with the effective rate of 99.80%. The total awareness rate of AIDS knowledge was 86.34%. The awareness rates of male homosexual behavior as the main mode of AIDS transmission among young students in China and AIDS as an incurable disease were 73.15% and 70.36% respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the awareness rates of AIDS knowledge among university students of different genders (χ²=10.210, P=0.001), grades (χ²=109.836, P<0.001) and specialties (χ²=75.533, P<0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that the awareness rate of AIDS knowledge was higher in female students than in male students (OR=1.16, 95%CI: 1.02-1.32), higher in sophomores (OR=1.98, 95%CI: 1.70-2.31) and juniors (OR=1.61, 95%CI: 1.33-1.95) than in seniors (OR=2.48, 95%CI: 1.70-3.63), and higher in students majoring in literature and history (OR=2.02, 95%CI: 1.60-2.56), science and technology (OR=2.18, 95%CI: 1.73-2.75) and medicine (OR=3.35, 95%CI: 2.31-4.84) than in students majoring in sports and arts. The awareness rate of AIDS knowledge was lower in students acquiring AIDS knowledge through other means (OR=0.70, 95%CI: 0.57-0.84) than in students acquiring the knowledge through school education. The awareness rates of pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylactic drug use were 55.90% and 45.56% respectively. In this study, 885 university students had sex (8.86%). The consistent condom use rate in premarital sex was lower in male students than in female ones (60.49% vs. 68.26%, χ²=5.546, P=0.019). The consistent condom use rate was higher in students with single sex partner than in students with multiple sex partners (69.17% vs. 36.84%, χ²=56.836, P<0.001) as well as higher in students with heterosexual behavior than in male students who had sex with men (64.68% vs. 52.56%, χ²=4.514, P=0.034). Conclusion The awareness rate of AIDS knowledge among the university students in Hunan Province needs to be further improved, the condom use rate in high-risk sexual behavior is low, and there is an obvious separation between knowledge and practice. Attention should be paid to improving the university students’ concept and awareness of safe sex behavior and enhancing the publicity and education on prevention and control knowledge before and after exposure.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and trends of cases of HIV/AIDS transmitted via same-sex sexual behavior in Jilin Province from 2014 to 2023, and to provide a scientific basis for formulating targeted prevention and control strategies. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the epidemic data about homosexual sexual transmission HIV/AIDS cases with current addresses in Jilin Province reported through the China Information System for Disease Prevention and Control from 2014 to 2023. Joinpoint software was employed to construct a linear regression model with the year as the independent variable and the number of reported cases/composition ratio as the dependent variable, and then the prevalence trend was explored. Results A total of 8,867 cases of HIV/AIDS transmitted via same-sex sexual behavior were cumulatively reported in Jilin Province from 2014 to 2023, showing a decreasing trend from 2016 to 2023 (APC=-6.42%, P=0.030). There were reports about cases of HIV/AIDS transmitted via same-sex sexual behavior in 9 cities (prefectures) of Jilin Province in each year. The top two cities with cumulatively-reported cases were Changchun City (4,890 cases, accounting for 55.15%) and Jilin City (1,001 cases, accounting for 11.29%). The changing trend in the number of reported cases was different among all cities (prefectures). The cases were mainly distributed in the group aged 25-49 years (5,364 cases, accounting for 60.49%), and the age composition ratio of the group aged ≥50 years showed a monotonically increasing trend (APC=5.66%, P<0.001). Most of the cases had received college education or above (3,541 cases, accounting for 39.93%), and the composition ratio showed a slight upward trend from 2014 to 2018 (APC=4.77%, P=0.043). The marital status was mainly unmarried (5,754 cases, accounting for 64.89%), and the proportion of the divorced or widowed showed a slight monotonously increasing trend (APC=2.20%, P=0.002). The proportion of the first CD4 < 200 cells/μl accounted for 31.23% (2,558/8,192), showing a monotonically increasing trend (APC=3.70%, P=0.001). Conclusion Although the HIV/AIDS epidemic due to homosexual sexual transmission in Jilin Province during 2016-2023 showed a downward trend, the proportion of late detection was high. Special attention should be paid to the group aged ≥50 years and the divorced and widowed men who have sex with men (MSM) whose incidence are on the rise in recent years, and comprehensive prevention and control of HIV/AIDS should be carried out in a targeted manner.

Maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) is currently the main clinical treatment method for patients with end-stage renal disease, and cardiovascular events are prone to occur during the treatment, which not only affect the prognosis and therapeutic effect of patients with MHD, but also are the main factors leading to the patients’ death. Therefore, identifying the occurrence risk of cardiovascular events in patients with MHD and taking preventive measures are of positive significance for prolonging their survival time and enhancing their quality of life.

Objective To understand the current status of cognitive impairment among the elderly population in Shenzhen City, to explore its potential influencing factors, and to provide a basis for dementia prevention among the elderly in Shenzhen City. Methods A total of 2,112 senior citizens aged ≥65 years in Shenzhen City were selected. One-on-one questionnaire interviews were conducted by trained investigators, and theAlzheimer’s Disease-8(AD8) was used to screen the senior citizens’ cognitive function. At the same time, demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, and health status of the respondents were collected. AD8 score ≥2 served as the criterion for identifying cognitive impairment. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the factors influencing cognitive impairment among the elderly in Shenzhen City. Results The detection rate of cognitive impairment among the elderly in Shenzhen City was 30.35% (641/2,112), and the median AD8 score (P₂₅-P₇₅) was 1 (0-2). Chi-square analysis revealed that 12 factors like age, gender, educational level, marital status, income and pre-retirement occupation had significantly impacted on cognitive impairment among the elderly. Further multivariate logistic regression analysis displayed that lifestyle and history of chronic diseases had impacts on cognitive impairment among the elderly. Among them, the detection rate of cognitive impairment in smokers was 80% higher than that in non-smokers (OR=1.800, 95%CI:1.261-2.568), and high-frequency exercise (OR=0.640, 95%CI:0.459-0.891) was a protective factor. Having a history ofhyperlipidemia (OR=1.371, 95%CI:1.108-1.696) andhaving a history ofcoronary heart disease (OR=1.304,95%CI:1.041-1.634) were identified as risk factors for cognitive impairment among the elderly. In addition, age, gender, educational level and income were found to have impacts on cognitive impairment. Conclusions Cognitive impairment is common among the elderly in Shenzhen City, which is related to their ages, socio-economic status, lifestyle habits and history of chronic diseases. Physical and mental health services should be provided for elderly high-risk groups, which are conducive to reducing the risk of cognitive impairment, promoting their mental health, and enhancing their sense of happiness.

Objective To analyze the epidemic features of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases in Hubei Province from 2010 to 2022, and to provide a basis for developing HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment strategies. Methods We collected the information about newly reported cases with current address in Hubei from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2022. WPS2019 software was used to organize the data, and SPSS25.0 software was employed to statistically analyze the prevalence of the cases as well as the distribution of time, region and population. Results A total of 33,385 newly reported HIV/AIDS cases were reported in Hubei from 2010 to 2022, and the newly reported rate of cases showed an increasing trend year by year (χ²=4.637, P<0.05). The top five cities with the largest number of cases were Wuhan City, Jingzhou City, Huanggang City, Huangshi City and Xiaogan City. The newly reported cases were mainly transmitted by sexual intercourse, with 59.32% of heterosexual transmission and 39.11% of homosexual transmission. 74.16% of males in heterosexual transmission had a history of non-marital heterosexual contact. Non-sexual transmission accounted for 1.57%. There were statistically significant differences in the proportions of newly reported sexually- and non-sexually-transmitted HIV/AIDS cases in Hubei Province in different years (χ²=1,450.417, P<0.001). The male-to-female ratio of the newly reported cases was about 4.2∶1, with male cases increasing from 73.01% in 2010 to 81.16% in 2022, and female cases decreasing from 26.99% in 2010 to 18.84% in 2022, with statistically significant differences in the ratio of male and female gendercompositionin different years (χ²=141.408, P<0.001). Among the newly reported cases, the number of cases aged 15-24 and ≥ 50 years increased significantly. 37.90% of the newly reported cases were married with a spouse, and heterosexual contact was the major route for their transmission, accounting for 79.07%. Homosexual contact was the main route for transmission in unmarried cases, accounting for 70.95%. The differences in the proportions of different marital statuses in different years were statistically significant (χ²=334.093, P<0.001). Most of the newly reported cases had junior middle school education or below, and there were statistically significant differences in the proportions of different literacy levels among different years (χ²=219.259, P<0.001). The newly reported cases mainly came from medical institution examination, accounting for 56.62%, followed by self-consultation and testing services, accounting for 19.32%. The differences in the proportions of different sample sources in different years were statistically significant (χ²=559.309, P<0.001). Conclusion The increase in the newly reported HIV/AIDS cases in Hubei Province from 2010 to 2022 was obvious, with heterosexual contact as the main transmission route. The numbers of young cases aged 15-24 years and elderly cases aged≥50 years increased obviously. It is necessary to carry out targeted publicity and education, expand the coverage of monitoring and testing, and strengthen the comprehensive prevention and control efforts.

Objective To analyze the distribution characteristics of major acute infectious disease clusters/outbreaks in Changping District of Beijing from 2016 to 2021, and to provide a basis for early detection of the epidemics and taking targeted prevention and control measures in advance. Methods The epidemiological and pathogenic data about fever, vomiting/diarrhea, hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) clusters or outbreaks in Changping District from 2016 to 2021 were collected, and descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the composition, time, place, etiology and other distribution characteristics of the epidemics. Results From 2016 to 2021, a total of 670 clusters/outbreaks were reported in Changping District, and most of them were clusters (95.22%). In the clusters reported, the proportion of HFMD was the highest (46.08%). In the outbreaks reported, the proportion of vomiting/diarrhea was the highest (50.0%). The median reporting interval for all the clusters/outbreaks was 2 days, and the duration of the epidemic 2 days. The reporting interval of the epidemic was positively correlated with the duration of the epidemics, with correlation coefficients being r_fever=0.426, r_{vomiting/diarrhea}=0.519, and r_HFMD=0.720 (all P<0.001) respectively. Childcare institutions and primary schools were the main places where the epidemic occurred, accounting for 55.07% and 27.91% of the total number of reported epidemics respectively. May-July and November-December were the peak periods for epidemic reporting each year, with 64.18% of fever outbreaks occurring from December to January of the next year, 77.88% of vomiting/diarrhea outbreaks occurring in November-December and March-June, and 50.0% of HFMD outbreaksconcentrating in May-July. Conclusion From 2016 to 2021, the clusters/outbreaks of key acute infectious diseases in Changping District were mainly influenza, HFMD and norovirus infection related fever, HFMD and vomiting/diarrhea. Early detection and timely reporting could shorten the duration of the epidemic. The epidemics were mainly occurred in primary and secondary schools as well as kindergartens.Targeted prevention and control measures should be taken in combination with seasonal characteristics.

Objective To analyze the features and potential life loss of injury-induced deaths among residents in Xi’an City during 2014-2020, and to provide a scientific basis for further conduct the work on injury prevention and control. Methods We collected the monitoring data and population data regarding causes of deaths based on the whole population in 2014-2021 from the Population Death Information Registration and Management System in Xi’an City. Microsoft Excel 2010 was employed to calculate the mortality rate, age-standardized death rate, constituent ratio of causes of death, potential years of life lost (PYLL), potential years of life lost rate (PYLLR), average years of life lost (AYLL) and other indexes. SPSS18.0 software was applied to statistical analysis of the data, and χ² test was used for comparing the rates. Results The average mortality rate of injuries among residents in Xi’an City during 2014-2021 was 29.08/100,000, and the age-standardized death rate 27.16/100,000. The injury-induced mortality rates in males and females were 37.29/100,000 and 20.41/100,000, respectively, and the rate in males was 1.83 times that in females. The injury-induced mortality rates in suburban counties and urban areas were 35.33/100,000 and 22.26/100,000 respectively, and the rate in suburban counties was 1.59 times that in urban areas. There were statistically significant differences in the injury-induced mortality rates between genders as well as between suburban counties and urban areas (χ²=1,907.990, χ²=1,141.569, both P<0.05). The top five causes of deaths due to injuries among residents in Xi’an City from 2014 to 2021 were road traffic injury, accidental fall, suicide, accidental poisoning and other accidental injuries, and the deaths owing to above-mentioned causes accounted for 89.09% of the total injury-induced deaths. The main causes of injury-induced deaths varied greatly among different age groups. The top five causes of injury-induced deaths among residents aged 0-14 years were road traffic injury, accidental suffocation, accidental fall, drowning and suicide. The top five causes of injury-induced deathsamong residents aged 15-44 years were road traffic injury, suicide, accidental fall, accidental poisoning and other accidental injuries. The top five causes of injury-induced deaths among residents aged 45-64 years were road traffic injury, accidental fall, suicide, other accidental injury and accidental poisoning. The top five causes of injury-induced deaths among residents aged 65 years and above were unintentional fall, road traffic injury, suicide, other unintentional injury and accidental poisoning. PYLLR caused by injuries among residents in Xi’an City during 2014-2021 was 4.82%, with the top three causes being road traffic injury, accidental fall and suicide. AYLL induced by injuries among residents in Xi’an City in 2014-2021 was 16.56, with the top three causes being homicide, drowning and electrocution. Conclusion The injury-induced mortality rate among residents in Xi’an City during 2014-2021 was high. Injuries have become an important public health problem that threatens the health and life safety of residents in Xi’an City. Road traffic injury is the main cause of deaths due to injuries. Corresponding injury prevention strategies and measures should be formulated based onthe population'sdifferent characteristics such as age, area and gender.

目的 分析2014—2023年永州市东安县狂犬病监测数据,探讨其狂犬病高发因素,为狂犬病防控提供参考依据。方法 对2014—2023年东安县狂犬病疫情资料进行描述性流行病学分析。结果 2014—2023年东安县累计报告狂犬病病例26例,年均发病率为0.48/10万,呈周期性波动小幅上升趋势。报告病例全部在乡镇农村,夏秋季高发;40岁以上中老年农民占88.46%;26例病例中,Ⅲ级暴露占50.00%,暴露后没有进行规范处置病例占92.31%;有明确暴露史的病例19例,犬伤暴露占94.74%。2016—2022年东安县狂犬病暴露预防处置门诊就诊者37 069人,年均暴露率为0.99/100人年,具有夏秋冬季高暴露特征。暴露后就诊者中全程接种率为99.85%,Ⅲ级暴露就诊者中被动免疫制剂注射率为39.53%;暴露后就诊者中由犬致伤占85.98%,所有暴露后就诊者经规范处置后无一人发病。结论 2014—2023年东安县狂犬病报告病例数呈周期性波动小幅上升趋势。加强农村地区宣传教育,规范犬只管理,减少人群暴露机会,强化疫点处置,规范暴露后伤口处置、全程接种狂犬疫苗,必要时注射狂犬病被动免疫制剂是防制狂犬病的有效措施。

Objective To explore the potential relationship between exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and the risk of post-stroke depression, and to provide a basis for post-stroke depression prevention and management. Methods Statistical data during 2011-2020 based on the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database were used to select 3,411 post-stroke survivors as the study subjects. We collected four types of PFAS, namely, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonates (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA). Multifactor logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the correlation between PFAS and post-stroke depression. Results Six hundred and sixteen patients with stroke were finally enrolled in the study, and the prevalence rate of post-stroke depression was 16.72%. The levels of PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS and PFNA exposure in the depression group were lower than those in the non-depression group, with statistically significant differences (Z=-4.901--3.488, P<0.05). The results of multifactor logistic regression analysis revealed that after adjusting for demographic characteristics like gender, age, race and body mass index as well as covariates like educational background, combined hypertension, diabetes, history of alcohol consumption, marital status, family income level and history of smoking, the higher the exposure levels of PFOA (OR=0.573, 95%CI:0.428-0.769), PFOS (OR=0.832, 95%CI:0.759-0.912), PFHxS (OR=0.710, 95%CI:0.559-0.901) and PFNA (OR=0.210, 95%CI:0.098-0.452), the lower the prevalence rate of depression in the post-stroke survivors (all P<0.05). Conclusions Exposure to PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS and PFNA is negatively associated with the risk of developing post-stroke depression. Further prospective cohort study is needed to validate these findings.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological features of other infectious diarrhea and long-term changing trends of their incidence rates in Fuling District of Chongqing Municipality from 2013 to 2022, and to provide a scientific basis for other infectious diarrhea prevention and control in Fuling District. Methods Data about other infectious diarrhea cases in Fuling District from 2013 to 2022 were collected from the China Information System for Disease Prevention and Control, and the time, regional and population distribution was analyzed through descriptive research. ArcMap 10.7 was used to draw point density map to visualize the regional distribution of the incidence. Excel 2019 and SPSS 20.0 were applied to calculating the age-standardized incidence rate of the Chinese population. Joinpoint regression model was employed to calculate annual percent of change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC), and then the long-term changing trends of the incidence rates were analyzed. Results A total of 11,380 cases ofother infectious diarrhea were reported in Fuling District from 2013 to 2022, with the average annual reported incidence of 1,138cases and the average annual reported incidence rate of 100.87/100,000. There were two incidence peaks in winter and summer. In the population distribution, the number of reported cases in males (n=6,359) was higher than that in females (n=5,021), the number of reported cases in 0-3 years old was 9,995 (accounting for 87.83%). As for the population classification, most of the cases were scattered children (n=9,797, 86.09%). As for the regional distribution, the cases were mainly distributed in Lizhi Street (n=2,485, 21.84%), Chongyi Street (n=2,355, 20.69%), Dunren Street (n=2,119, 18.62%), Ma’an Street (n=1,313, 11.54%) and Jiangdong Street (n=380, 3.34%). One outbreak was reported, whichoccurred in a primary school. Joinpoint regression analysis revealed that the overall trend of the age-standardized incidence rates in Fuling District from 2013 to 2022 showed an increasing trend, with statistical significant differences in the trend (AAPC=8.50%, 95%CI:3.98-13.22, P=0.002). The crude incidence rates of other infectious diarrhea in Fuling District from 2013 to 2018 presented an upward trend, with statistical significant differences in the trend (APC=16.75%, 95%CI:2.73-32.69, P=0.026), but the crude incidence rates from 2018 to 2022 showed a decreasing trend, without statistical significant differences in the trend (APC=-9.89%, 95%CI:-24.81-7.98, P=0.199). Conclusions Other infectious diarrhea in Fuling District during 2013-2022 mainly affected scattered children, and the incidence peak in winter was higher than that in summer. Most of the cases were scattered in the urban areas like Lizhi Street, Chongyi Street and Dunren Street, and schools (primary schools) were the high incidence places. The overall trend in the incidence of other infectious diarrhea in Fuling District from 2013 to 2022 showed a significant increasing trend, but the crude incidence rates from 2018 to 2022 showed a certain decreasing trend under the influence of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.Based on the epidemiological characteristics of other infectious diarrhea in Fuling District,targeted prevention and control measures should be taken for high incidence populations in different seasons and regions.

Objective To investigate the fluoride levels, distribution characteristics and influencing factors in drinking water in Hefei City, and to evaluate the potential health risks for different populations. Methods The fluoride concentration in drinking water during 2020-2022 was monitored. R 4.2.2 software was used for stratification and correlation analysis. The health risk assessment model recommended by the US EPA was applied to health risk assessment. Results The fluoride concentration in drinking water in Hefei City ranged from 0.03 mg/L to 1.35 mg/L, and the median was 0.29 mg/L, of which <0.5 mg/L accounted for 95.97%, 0.5-<0.7 mg/L 3.90%, 0.7-<1.0 mg/L 0.09%, and ≥1.0 mg/L 0.04%. There were statistically significantdifferences in the fluoride concentration among different years, water periods, water sample types, sampling types, disinfection modes, water source types, water supply scales and areas (all P<0.05). The fluoride concentration during 2020-2022 showed a downward trend, and it was higher in the high water period than in the low water period. The fluoride concentration in tap water was found to be the highest, followed by factory-treated water and secondary water supply. As for water treated with different disinfection methods, the fluoride concentration was higher in non-disinfected water, but lower in liquid chlorine disinfected water. The fluoride concentration was higher in rural water than in urban water. As for different water sources, the fluoride concentration was higher in water from lakes, but lower in water from reservoirs, showing an obvious regional difference. The fluoride in drinking water was positively correlated with 16 indexes like chloride, sulfate, total hardness, oxygen consumption, total dissolved solids and pH, and the largest correlation coefficient was chloride (r=0.533). The fluoride in drinking water was weakly and negatively correlated with chroma and nitrate nitrogen. The medians of non-carcinogenic risk (hazard quotient, HQ) of fluoride intake from drinking water in residents were between 0.086 and 0.201, all of which were less than 1. The non-carcinogenic risk of fluoride was significantly higher in infants aged 1-2 years than in children aged 4-5 and 6-9 years and adults, and also higher in male adults than in female adults. As for children aged 1-2, 4-5 and 6-9 years, the non-carcinogenic risk of fluoride was higher in girls than in boys. Conclusions The fluoride concentration in drinking water in Hefei City is relatively low. Many factors of water supply, such as water period and disinfection method, affect fluoride concentration. Moreover, fluoride concentration is related to chloride, total hardness and pH in water. The non-carcinogenic risk of drinking tap water is at an acceptable level, and the risk degree is related to age.

目的 分析老年女性骨质疏松患者认知功能情况及危险因素,为提高老年人群生活质量,减少认知功能障碍发生提供依据。方法 选择2018年12月—2023年12月新疆某三甲医院收治的506例老年女性骨质疏松患者作为调查对象,调查其基本情况,通过简易精神状况量表(Mini Mental State Examination,MMSE)、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index,PSQI)、焦虑自评量表(Self-Rating Anxiety Scale,SAS)、老年抑郁量表(Geriatric Depression Scale,GDS)评估其认知功能、睡眠质量和心理状态。采用多因素logistic回归分析探讨老年女性骨质疏松患者认知功能的影响因素。结果 506例老年女性骨质疏松患者MMSE总分为(26.11±1.26)分,且认知功能障碍发生率为79.45%(402/506)。不同年龄、文化程度、有无记忆力下降、参加社区活动情况、是否经常体育锻炼、是否补钙、有无骨折史、高血压史、冠心病史、睡眠障碍、焦虑、抑郁的老年女性骨质疏松患者其认知功能障碍发生率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,年龄越大[OR(95%CI):3.781(2.015~7.093)]、文化程度越低[OR(95%CI):2.008 (1.397~2.885)]、记忆力下降[OR(95%CI):2.396(1.572~3.652)]、参加社区活动少[OR(95%CI):2.776(1.711~4.505)]、有高血压史[OR(95%CI):3.543(1.926~6.518)]、有睡眠障碍[OR(95%CI):2.096(1.439~3.054)]、焦虑[OR(95%CI):3.504(1.943~6.322)]、抑郁[OR(95%CI):3.804(2.024~7.150)]均为老年女性骨质疏松患者认知功能障碍发生的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 老年女性骨质疏松患者认知功能障碍发生率较高,并且与年龄、文化程度、记忆力下降、社区活动、高血压史、睡眠障碍、焦虑状态、抑郁状态等因素相关。因此,临床尽早对老年女性骨质疏松患者认知功能进行筛查,同时根据其危险因素做好预防工作,从而提高生活质量,减少认知功能障碍发生率。

Objective To evaluate the health economic benefits of the strategy for free vaccination of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) among the elderly aged 60 years and above in Pudong New Area, ShanghaiMunicipality, and to provide a scientific basis for government agencies to formulate prevention and control strategies. Methods The elderly population aged 60 years and above in Shanghai Municipality in 2021 served as the study cohort. A decision tree-Markov model was used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness and effectiveness of the strategy for free vaccination of PPSV23 among the elderly aged 60 years and above in Pudong New Area from the perspective of the whole society, and a sensitivity analysis of the model was performed. Results The vaccination rate of PPSV23 among the elderly aged 60 years and above in Pudong New Area, ShanghaiMunicipality was 29.39%, the per capita benefit of receiving PPSV23 212.97 yuan, the per capita net benefit -182.76 yuan, and the benefit-cost ratio 0.54 yuan. It cost 25,711.04 yuan to obtain one additional life year, which was lower than the per capita gross domestic product (GDP) in Shanghai Municipality (173,756.71 yuan) and far lower than the threshold of three times the per capita GDP. Conclusion The strategy for free vaccination of PPSV23 among the elderly aged 60 years and above is highly cost-effective, suggesting that implementation of this vaccination strategy should be continuously intensified.

目的 了解老年医院患者医疗卫生服务需求,为完善老年医疗服务体系提供建议。方法 自制老年医疗服务需求调查问卷,于2022年8—10月采用方便抽样方法,对天津市老年医院≥65岁的门诊及住院老年患者开展问卷调查,采用χ²检验进行比较不同特征老年患者对医疗服务需求的差异。结果 共发放调查问卷400份,有效回收问卷396份,有效率99.0%。老年患者医疗需求各项目平均得分(3.85±0.89)分,其中健康管理与指导维度需求最高,为(4.16±0.75)分,其次为助老文化维度(4.11±0.76)分。χ²检验分析结果显示,不同特征老年患者,对适老设施、助老文化、健康管理与指导和老年诊疗特色4个维度需求,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论 老年患者对健康管理与指导需求尤为迫切,医疗服务需求呈现多元化;针对不同特征的老年患者,应提供可选择的医疗服务,以满足个体化需求。

目的 分析无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae, GBS)多位点序列分型(multi-locus sequence typing, MLST)与毒力基因、耐药性的相关性,为预防和临床治疗无乳链球菌提供参考依据。方法 对2021—2022年珠海市金湾中心医院产前门诊及产科患者中分离出的无乳链球菌30株,通过聚合酶链式反应对MLST基因和毒力基因扩增,并对菌株耐药性进行检测。结果 2021—2022年30株GBS中共分离出10种ST型, 分别为ST12 (7株,23.3%),ST19(5株,16.7%),ST529(5株,16.7%), ST862(4株,13.3%),ST651(3株,10.0%),ST27(2株,6.7%),ST2(1株,3.3%),ST10(1株,3.3%),ST1964(1株,3.3%),1株新ST型(3.3%)。毒力基因检出率为hylB(93.3%),cfb(90.0%),lmb(76.7%),cylE(73.3%), fbsA(46.7%),bac(10.0%)。hylB和cfb基本存在于所有ST型。lmb、 cylE分布于ST10、ST651、ST862外其余检出ST型中。fbsA检出于ST2、ST27、ST529和ST19中。bac在各型中检出率最低。30株GBS对青霉素、氨苄西林、利奈唑胺、万古霉素均未检出耐药,对红霉素、克林霉素耐药率分为76.7%,80.0%,左旋氧氟沙星、莫西沙星的耐药率为20.0%,红霉素和克林霉素耐药普遍存在于各ST型,氟喹诺酮类耐药仅检出于ST19,ST651和新ST型中。结论 该院GBS以ST12、ST19、ST529为主,发现1例新ST型无乳链球菌。6种毒力基因中hylB、cfb、lmb、cylE携带率较高。GBS对青霉素、氨苄西林、利奈唑胺、万古霉素均未检出耐药,红霉素、克林霉素耐药率较高。不同型别间毒力基因和耐药性分布存在差异。临床应加强对孕妇GBS的毒力基因及耐药性监测。

目的 了解老年2型糖尿病患者流感疫苗接种犹豫状况及影响因素,为降低患者流感疫苗接种犹豫提供参考。方法 采用方便抽样法,选取丽水地区3家医院就诊的364名老年2型糖尿病患者作为调查对象。采用一般情况量表、流感疫苗接种犹豫量表、流感防治知识量表进行调查分析。结果 老年2型糖尿病患者流感疫苗接种犹豫得分为(75.68±12.84)分,流感防治知识得分为(5.22±1.82)分;不同性别、文化程度及流感疫苗接种史的老年2型糖尿病患者流感疫苗接种犹豫得分比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);老年2型糖尿病患者流感疫苗接种犹豫得分与流感防治知识得分呈负相关(r=-0.584,P<0.01);多元线性回归分析结果显示,老年2型糖尿病患者流感疫苗接种犹豫影响因素为性别、文化程度、流感疫苗接种史、流感防治知识得分(P<0.05)。结论 老年2型糖尿病患者流感疫苗接种犹豫水平较高,应针对患者的性别、文化程度、流感疫苗接种史、流感防治知识等因素采取相应的干预措施,降低流感疫苗接种犹豫,提高疫苗接种率。

Objective To understand the epidemic characteristics of pertussis in Shaodong City, Hunan Province in 2019-2023, to analyze the monitoring data, and to provide a reference basis for improving prevention and control strategies. Methods The continuous monitoring data regarding pertussis incidence, epidemiological characteristics, vaccination status and vaccine protection effect in Shaodong City during 2019-2023 were analyzed with descriptive analysis, and the prevention and control strategies were proposed. Results The number of pertussis cases in Shaodong City in 2023 reached 151, and most of the cases were children, accounting for 99.34% of the total cases. The proportion of cases aged under 1 year old accounted for 30.46%, showing a decrease compared with those in 2019-2022. The proportions of cases aged 3-5 years and 6-12 years were 30.46% and 29.14%respectively, showing an increase compared with those in 2019-2022. The vaccination rates of most age groups were above 90%, but the vaccination rates of the third dose of basic immunization in the 1-year-old group and the booster immunization in the 2-year-old group and the 3-year-old group were all below 90%. Conclusion The infection rates of pertussis in Shaodong City during 2019-2023 showed an increasing trend year by year, and most of the cases were infants as well as young children. Immunization is the best way to protect, and the immunization program still needs to be further improved.

目的 探究深圳市南山区医务人员流感疫苗接种的影响因素和接种意愿,为深圳市南山区制定医务人员流感疫苗接种策略提供参考。方法 随机抽取深圳市南山区7家医院医护人员进行问卷调查,采用χ²检验进行单因素分析,使用多因素logistic回归分析流感疫苗接种的相关因素。结果 2022—2023年深圳市南山区医护人员流感疫苗接种率为66.01%,logistic回归分析显示,40~＜50岁(OR=0.678,95%CI:0.508~0.906)、学历为本科(OR=1.350,95%CI:1.045~1.744)和研究生及以上(OR=1.850,95%CI:1.373~2.492)、护士(OR=0.809,95%CI:0.689~0.949)、同意医务人员更容易将流感传播给病人(OR=1.345,95%CI:1.172~1.543)、2021—2022年出现过流感症状(OR=1.673,95%CI:1.462~1.914)、2021—2022年接种过流感疫苗(OR=7.801,95%CI:6.843~8.893)、工作单位要求接种流感疫苗(OR=1.441,95%CI:1.257~1.652)的医务人员更愿意接种流感疫苗。结论 深圳市南山区医务人员流感疫苗接种率在新冠疫情及实施干预后有所提高,其接种率与多种因素有关,应继续实行当前政策、加大宣传力度,尤其是对流感的危害和接种流感疫苗不良反应的正确认识,可能对接种率的提高更有帮助。

目的 探讨信息-知识-信念-行为(information-knowledge-attitude-practice,IKAP)理论指导下的健康教育模式在妊娠期糖尿病患者中的应用效果。 方法 选取2021年2月—2022年12月于树兰(杭州)医院就诊的妊娠期糖尿病患者94例,依照随机数字表法将其分为对照组与观察组,各47例。对照组给予常规健康教育,观察组给予IKAP理论指导下的健康教育,两组均干预至分娩后2个月。比较两组干预前后焦虑抑郁情绪、糖脂代谢指标、健康行为管理及干预后疾病知识掌握情况、依从性、妊娠结局。 结果 与干预前相比,干预后两组焦虑自评量表(Self-Rating Anxiety Scale,SAS)、抑郁自评量表(Self-Rating Depression Scale,SDS)评分、糖化血红蛋白、空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、空腹胰岛素、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、载脂蛋白B、三酰甘油水平均降低,且观察组低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);干预后两组血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平、健康管理各项评分均增高,观察组高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);干预后观察组糖尿病知识掌握总优良率、总依从率高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组不良妊娠结局总发生率为6.38%,低于对照组的21.28%,差异有统计学意义(χ²=4.374,P=0.036)。 结论 IKAP理论指导下的健康教育能够有效减轻妊娠期糖尿病患者焦虑抑郁情绪,改善糖脂代谢,提高患者对疾病相关知识掌握度,提升依从性,保障母婴安全。

目的 了解消毒供应室工作人员职业暴露情况及影响因素,为提高其防护意识、降低职业暴露提供参考。方法 以六安市中医院148名消毒供应室工作人员为研究对象,根据医院感染管理信息资料,统计2022年1—12月1年内职业暴露情况,并采用自制职业防护知识评估量表和职业防护行为评估量表对工作人员职业防护知识、职业防护行为进行评估,采用多因素logistic回归分析消毒供应室工作人员职业暴露发生的影响因素。结果 纳入的148名消毒供应室工作人员发生职业暴露106例共171例次,发生过职业暴露人员占比71.62%。171例次的职业暴露类型包括锐器伤、高温烫伤及化学制剂损伤,分别为85例次、61例次、25例次,占比分比为49.71%、35.67%、14.62%。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄<33岁(OR=1.960,95%CI:1.043~3.684)、职称为初级(OR=2.098,95%CI:1.101~3.998)、距最近一次参加培训的时间≥10个月(OR=1.857,95%CI:1.021~3.376)均为消毒供应室工作人员发生职业暴露的独立危险因素(P<0.05),职业防护知识(OR=0.543,95%CI:0.299~0.987)及职业防护行为(OR=0.489,95%CI:0.256~0.931)得分较高为消毒供应室工作人员发生职业暴露的保护因素(P<0.05)。结论 消毒供应室工作人员发生职业暴露的风险较高,其危险因素包括年龄<33岁、职称为初级、距最近一次参加培训的时间≥10个月,而职业防护知识和职业防护行为得分越高其职业暴露的风险越低,临床可根据上述因素通过加强培训,培养工作人员职业防护意识,建立良好的职业安全行为,降低其职业暴露发生的风险。

目的 分析老年2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者用药依从性现状及影响因素。方法 采取便利抽样法于2021年1月—2022年11月在南通妇幼保健院筛选120例老年T2DM患者,采用问卷调查方式评估患者用药依从性现状及各项临床资料指标,并采用多因素logistic回归分析评估用药依从性的影响因素。结果 120例老年T2DM患者MMAS-8平均评分为(4.91±1.64)分,其中MMAS-8评分＜6分患者共49例,用药依从性不良发生率为40.83%。不同性别、年龄、学历、健康素养水平、自我效能感得分率、用药种类、不良反应发生情况、疾病认知程度、用药信念、自我护理能力水平、是否合并症的老年T2DM患者其用药依从性不良发生率差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素logistic分析结果表明年龄、学历、健康素养、自我效能感得分率、用药种类、疾病认知程度、用药信念、自我护理能力为老年T2DM患者用药依从性的独立影响因素(P<0.05)。结论 老年T2DM患者的用药依从性目前仍处于较低水平,受其年龄、学历、健康素养、自我效能感得分率、用药种类、疾病认知程度、用药信念、自我护理能力等多种因素影响,临床可采取针对性干预措施,以提升其用药依从性。

Objective To analyze the epidemiological features, pathogenic bacteria distribution and drug sensitivity test results of pneumonia in children, and to provide references for prevention and treatment of pneumonia in children as well as rational drug use in clinical practice. Methods We retrospectively collected the clinical data, sputum culture results and drug sensitivity test results of 408 bacterial pneumonia children less than 5 years of age admitted to the general wards of Chengdu Pidu Maternal and Child Health Hospital and Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital from November 2021 to June 2023. A descriptive analysis was performed on the detection of common pathogenic bacteria in different age groups and children of different genders as well as drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria. Results Among the 408 children with pneumonia, 368 (90.20%) were infected with one kind of pathogenic bacteria, and 40 (9.80%) with two or more kinds of pathogenic bacteria. 468 strains of pathogenic bacteria were detected in the sputum samples, including 165 (35.26%) strains of Gram-positive bacteria and 303 (64.74%) strains of Gram-negative bacteria. The main pathogenic bacteria detected were Streptococcus pneumoniae (31.41%), Haemophilus influenzae (24.79%), Moraxella catarrhalis (19.02%), Viridans streptococci (15.81%) and Staphylococcus aureus (3.85%). No statistically significant differences were found in the detection rates of 5 major pathogenic bacteria between children of different genders (P>0.05). The detection rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae was higher in 1-3-year-old group and >3-5-year-old group than in <1-year-old group, while the detection rates of Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus were lower in 1-3-year-old group and >3-5-year-old group than in <1-year-old group (P<0.05). The detection rate ofStreptococcuspneumoniae was higher in winter than in autumn, and the detection rate of Haemophilus influenzae was higher in spring than in summer, autumn and winter (P<0.05). The drug resistance rates of Streptococcus pneumoniae andMoraxella catarrhalis to co-trimoxazole were the highest, which were 53.74% and 22.47% respectively. The drug resistance rates of Haemophilusinfluenzae and Staphylococcus aureus to ampicillin were the highest, which were 67.24% and 83.33% respectively. The drug resistance rates of Viridans streptococcus to ampicillin and ceftriaxone were the highest, which were both 51.35%. Conclusion Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Viridans streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus are main pathogenic bacteria of pneumonia in the children in this area. The distribution of pathogenic bacteria in the children of different ages and different seasons is diversity. Sensitive antibacterial drugs should be rationally selected and used based on drug resistance characteristics of pathogenic bacteria in clinical practice.

Objective To explore and evaluate the protective effect of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in primary and secondary school students, and to provide a basis for the government to formulate and improve influenza vaccination strategies for the students. Methods Combined with the number of influenza incidence from the National Monitoring System for InfectiousDisease, the number of influenza vaccination in the primary and secondary schools in 2022 and the number of students in each grade, we compared the incidence rates of influenza in each grade and the incidence rates of influenza in the vaccinated andnon-vaccinated groups, and calculated the vaccine protection rate of each group. Results The incidence rate of influenza was significantly lower in the vaccinated group than in the non-vaccinated group (4.54% vs. 6.02%, χ²=251.761, P<0.05). The overall protection rate offered by influenza vaccines in the primary and secondary schools was 24.55%. The primary and secondary schools were grouped according to the vaccination rates from high to low, the incidence rate of influenza in the low vaccination rate group of primary schools was 6.12%, and the vaccine protection rate -12.31%, with 95% confidence interval of -22.51%--3.02%, showing no protective effect. Other groups showed good protective effects after influenza vaccination. Conclusion Seasonal flu vaccination can effectively protect the primary and middle school students, and hence it is necessary to encourage the primary and middle school students to inoculate with seasonal flu vaccines in accordance with the technical guidelines for flu vaccination so as to prevent influenza. This study supports the current recommendation on inoculating with 2 doses of influenza vaccine in previously unvaccinated children. Multiple measures should be taken in parallel in newly-registered pupils from Grade 1 so as to protect their health.

Objective To understand the contamination status of foodborne pathogens in commercially sold foods in Changsha City, and to provide a scientific basis for food safety risk assessment and early warning monitoring of foodborne diseases. Methods According to the requirements of the Manual for National Food Contamination and Hazardous Factors Risk Monitoring, we monitored and analyzed foodborne pathogens in 622 food samples across 11 categories in Changsha City from 2020 to 2023. Results Among the 622 food samples, 346 strains of foodborne pathogens were detected, of which there were 37 strains ofBurkholderia cepacia (49.33%), with only one strain carrying the bon gene, 125 strains of Salmonella (24.65%), with 21 serotypes, predominantly Salmonella enteritidis, 22 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica (10.68%), mainly characterized byail-virF-yadA-ystA-rfbC-ystB+virulence genes, 68 strains of Campylobacter (33.01%), 32 strains of Cronobacter (26.67%), 25 strains ofClostridium perfringens (13.59%), 33 strains of Listeria monocytogenes (7.25%), 3 strains of Bacillus cereus (3.75%) and 1 strain of Clostridium sordellii (2.86%). A total of 257 positive samples were identified, with an overall positivity rate of 41.31%. The positive detection rate in 2022 was the highest (66.67%), and that in 2023 was the lowest (24.21%). The positive detection rate indicated that raw poultry meat was the most contaminated (81.06%), followed by raw livestock meat (68.27%), spices and powders (62.50%), fresh tremella and wet Auricularia auricula (49.33%), and processed meat products (31.82%). Bulk samples had a higher positive detection rate (57.11%) compared with pre-packaged ones (12.67%). The positive detection rate was found to be the highest in farmers’ markets (63.86%), followed by retail stores (35.14%), supermarkets (33.58%), and online stores (22.22%). Conclusions The contamination of foodborne pathogens in commercially sold foods in Changsha City is relatively severe. It is necessary to strengthen supervision and monitoring of high-risk food categories, enhance food safety monitoring and early warning systems, reduce the occurrence of foodborne diseases, and effectively safeguard public health.

目的 通过对湖南湘江新区各阶段入学新生肺结核筛查结果进行统计分析,为以后入学新生结核病筛查工作和学校结核病防控提供科学依据。 方法 严格按照《学校结核病防控工作规范(2017版)》和《肺结核诊断》(WS 288-2017)相关要求,通过肺结核可疑症状和密切接触史问诊、结核菌素皮肤试验(tuberculin skin test,TST)、胸部X光片检查等方式,对全区各级各类学校2023年全体入学新生进行肺结核筛查,并利用描述性分析、 χ²检验等方法对筛查结果进行统计学分析。 结果 2023年,湖南湘江新区共有222 308名入学新生接受规范的肺结核筛查,其中有肺结核可疑症状者52例(23.39/10万),有肺结核患者密切接触史者94例(42.28/10万),TST中度阳性及以上者4 658例(7.18%),活动性肺结核患者检出39例(17.54/10万)。检出的活动性肺结核患者中,有94.87%集中分布在高中/职业中专/职高(简称高中)、大专及以上院校。各学龄段比较,有肺结核可疑症状者比率、TST中度阳性及以上者比率和活动性肺结核患者检出率随着学龄段的升高呈升高趋势(χ²_趋势分别为33.840,838.428,23.751,P均＜0.05)。 结论 高中和大专及以上的学校仍是该辖区学校结核病防控工作的重点。

Objective To evaluate the immunogenicity and immune persistence of recombinant novel coronavirus protein vaccine (CHO cells), ZF2001, at different doses and immunization procedures in healthy people aged 18-59 years. Methods We conducted a randomized, blind, placebo-controlled and phase II clinical trial. A total of 900 healthy participants aged 18-59 years were randomly assigned to two-doses of low-dose group, two-doses of high-dose group, two-doses of placebo group, three-doses of low-dose group, three-doses of high-dose group, and three-doses of placebo group at a ratio of 1:1:1:1:1:1 and received ZF2001 or placebo. All the participants’ blood samples were collected for SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing and receptor binding domain (RBD) protein-binding antibodies detection before vaccination, 14 days, six months, and 12 months after full vaccination. Results The geometric mean titers (GMTs) of neutralizing antibodies of two-doses of low-dose group, two-doses of high-dose group, two-doses of placebo group at 14 days after full vaccination were 17.7, 14.1 and 2.0 respectively, and those at 6 months after full vaccination were 3.6, 3.7 and 2.0 respectively. The GMTs of RBD protein-binding antibodies of the above-mentioned three groups at 14 days after full vaccination were 439.82, 338.04 and 5.98 respectively, and those at 6 months after full vaccination were 63.62, 50.42, and 5.67 respectively. The GMTs of neutralizing antibodies of three-doses of low-dose group, three-doses of high-dose group, and three-doses of placebo group at 14 days after full vaccination were 97.3, 68.4 and 2.0 respectively, those at 6 months after full vaccination were 19.3, 16.7 and 2.0 respectively, and those at 12 months after full vaccination were 7.4, 7.3 and 2.0 respectively. The GMTs of RBD protein-binding antibodies of the above-mentioned three groups at 14 days after full vaccination were 1,745.67, 1,107.36 and 5.84 respectively, and those at 6 months after full vaccination were 281.31, 212.41 and 5.80 respectively. Conclusions ZF2001 can induce high levels of neutralizing and RBD protein-binding antibodies in the healthy participants. The immune persistence of three doses is better than that of two doses, and the immunogenicity and immune persistence of low doses are superior to those of high doses. The neutralizing antibodies at 6 months after full vaccination show a decreasing trend. A low-dose and three-dose vaccination program is recommended, and booster vaccination at 6 months after full vaccination should be considered.

Objective To establish a seasonal time series model and select the best autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model to predict the trend in chickenpox incidence in Urumqi City in 2023, to analyze the predictive effect of the model, and to provide a basis for chickenpox prevention and control. Methods Information on varicella incidence in Urumqi City from 2013 to 2022 was obtained from the China Information System for Disease Prevention and Control, and then Microsoft Excel 2021 and SPSS 23.0 software were used for analysis. A seasonal ARIMA model was established to predict the trend in varicella incidence in Urumqi City in 2023. Results A total of 27,342 cases of varicella were reported in Urumqi City from 2013 to 2021, with no deaths and an average annual reported incidence rate of 85.03/100,000. The best prediction model for the number of monthly chickenpox cases in Urumqi City was the ARIMA (1,1,2) (0,1,1)₁₂ model. Smooth R² was 0.462,Bayesian information criterion (BIC) 8.146, and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) between the fitted and true values 23.101, with the good fitting effect. Conclusion The ARIMA (1,1,2) (0,1,1)₁₂ model can better fit the trend in chickenpox incidence in Urumqi City, and it has some guiding significance for the development of preventive and control measures for chickenpox epidemic in Urumqi City.

目的 探讨某地小学生用眼行为习惯和户外活动情况及与近视发生的关系,为小学生近视预防提供依据。方法 2023年1—7月对1 306例小学生开展用眼行为习惯和户外活动情况调查,并进行近视检查,分析近视发生与用眼行为习惯和户外活动的关系。结果 1 306例小学生中每日看电视、使用手机时间≥2 h比例分别占31.85%和42.11%;眼书距离＜20 cm比例占60.26%;偶尔或很少走路、乘车、趴桌或卧位看书比例占44.95%;持续用眼时间≥40 min比例占69.75%。每日户外活动时间＞1 h比例占39.51%;户外活动类型主要以玩耍游戏、球类活动和跑步为主,分别占75.96%、41.58%和27.87%。1～3年级和4～6年级小学生每日看电视时间,每日玩手机时间,眼书距离,走路、乘车、趴桌或卧位看书,持续用眼时间,每日户外活动时间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。1 306例小学生中近视发生率为31.55%,单因素分析显示其近视发生与所处年级,父母是否近视,睡眠时间,每日看电视时间,每日玩手机时间,眼书距离,走路、乘车、趴桌或卧位看书,持续用眼时间,每日户外活动时间有关(P＜0.05)。在调整年级,父母是否近视等因素后,多因素logistic回归分析显示:每日看电视时间,每日玩手机时间,眼书距离,走路、乘车、趴桌或卧位看书,持续用眼时间,每日户外活动时间是小学生发生近视的影响因素(P＜0.05)。结论 小学生用眼不良行为习惯比例较高,户外活动比例较低,尤其在4～6年级小学生最明显,用眼行为习惯和户外活动是近视发生的影响因素,应加强小学生不良用眼行为习惯的干预,增加户外活动。

目的 通过美国国家健康与营养调查(National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,NHANES)数据库探究高尿酸血症患者肾结石的发病影响因素,为肾结石预防提供依据。方法 采用横断面研究,纳入NHANES数据库2011—2018年收录的551例高尿酸血症患者资料,基于#KIQ026判定肾结石。采用多因素logistic回归分析高尿酸血症患者并发肾结石的影响因素,构建限制性立方样条模型以明确剂量-反应关系,并采用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线评价影响因素对高尿酸血症患者并发肾结石的综合预测价值。结果 551例高尿酸血症患者中共发现肾结石65例,肾结石并发率为11.80%。多因素logistic回归分析结果提示,高尿酸血症患者并发肾结石受到合并高血压(OR=2.220,95%CI:1.213~4.065)、血总钙(OR=0.036,95%CI:0.002~0.660)、血尿素氮(OR=1.114,95%CI:1.037~1.196)等因素的影响。剂量-反应分析结果显示,高尿酸血症患者并发肾结石风险与血总钙呈负向线性相关(非线性P=0.175),与血尿素氮呈正向线性相关(非线性P=0.676),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。基于合并高血压、血总钙、血尿素氮等建立ROC,曲线下面积为0.685(95%CI:0.644~0.724),灵敏度为81.54%,特异度为50.41%。结论 高尿酸血症患者并发肾结石受到合并高血压、血总钙、血尿素氮等因素的影响,对高尿酸血症患者实行控制血压、均衡钙饮食、优化蛋白摄入水平等措施有利于预防肾结石的发生,上述研究结论还需进一步验证。

目的 探讨肺癌患者术后并发肺部感染情况及影响因素,为其感染的防控提供参考。方法 回顾性分析2020年3月—2023年6月杭州市中医院收治498例肺癌患者的临床特征,根据所选患者术后是否并发肺部感染将其分为感染组和未感染组。分析感染组患者致病菌分布特点,比较两组临床特征,并采用多因素logistic回归分析法分析肺癌患者术后并发肺部感染的影响因素。结果 498例肺癌患者术后并发肺部感染40例,发生率8.03%。40例感染组患者中共分离出病原菌株75株,革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌及真菌的占比分别为26.67%、65.33%、8.00%,其中革兰氏阴性菌的占比较高,主要为肺炎克雷伯杆菌(57.33%)。两组临床特征比较,感染组年龄≥60岁、手术时间≥3 h、术中出血量≥200 ml、机械通气时间≥12 h、胸腔引流持续时间≥7 d、术后有侵入性操作、糖尿病、血清白蛋白水平<30 g/L的患者占比分别为65.00%、77.50%、52.50%、85.00%、37.50%、67.50%、72.50%、72.50%,高于未感染组的48.91%、58.08%、32.53%、57.86%、21.83%、48.91%、55.90%、48.69%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄≥60岁(OR=3.102,95%CI:1.157~8.313)、机械通气时间≥12 h(OR=2.221,95%CI:1.175~4.200)、胸腔引流持续时间≥7 d(OR=2.869,95%CI:1.107~7.438)、术后有侵入性操作(OR=2.450,95%C:1.147~5.231)、糖尿病(OR=1.610,95%CI:1.512~1.714)、血清白蛋白水平<30 g/L(OR=2.683,95%CI:1.144~6.294)是肺癌患者术后并发肺部感染的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 肺癌患者术后易并发肺部感染,致病菌中占比较高的为革兰氏阴性菌,主要为肺炎克雷伯杆菌,而年龄≥60岁、机械通气时间≥12 h、胸腔引流持续时间≥7 d、术后有侵入性操作、糖尿病、血清白蛋白水平<30 g/L是肺癌患者术后并发肺部感染的独立危险因素,临床可据此给予高危患者针对性地预防及抗菌治疗措施,以减少术后肺部感染的发生。

目的 分析老年冠心病住院患者睡眠障碍的危险因素及预防措施,为预防老年冠心病住院患者睡眠障碍提供依据。方法 选取2021年11月—2023年3月杭州市临平区第一人民医院收治的345例老年冠心病住院患者为研究对象,根据患者睡眠障碍情况,以匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index,PSQI)>7分为存在睡眠障碍,分为睡眠障碍组、无睡眠障碍组,通过问卷调查及医院电子病例系统回顾性收集研究对象临床资料。采用单因素χ²检验及多因素logistic回归分析老年冠心病患者合并睡眠障碍的相关因素。结果 345例老年冠心病住院患者,睡眠障碍发生72例,发生率为20.87%。睡眠障碍组与无睡眠障碍组年龄、性别、冠心病病程、是否合并焦虑情绪、抑郁情绪及胃炎比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),多因素logistic分析结果显示,女性(OR=1.874,95%CI:1.121~3.132)、冠心病病程≥3年(OR=2.119,95%CI:1.234~3.640)、合并焦虑情绪(OR=2.335,95%CI:1.532~3.559)、合并抑郁情绪(OR=1.855,95%CI:1.047~3.288)、合并胃炎(OR=1.876,95%CI:1.193~2.950)为老年冠心病患者合并睡眠障碍发生的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 老年冠心病患者合并睡眠障碍发生率较高,危险因素较多,临床可据此筛选老年冠心病合并睡眠障碍的高危患者,采取相应干预对策。

目的 评估深圳市福田区学校传染病防控工作现状,为政府制定完善的学校传染病防控体系和措施提供依据。方法 采用自行编制的问卷对深圳市福田区283所学校及其卫生工作负责人进行调查。 结果 283所学校均配备了疫情报告人员,17.67%的学校传染病疫情防控领导小组成员调整及时且有红头文件,57.95%的学校制定了今年的传染病防控工作计划;75.97%的学校建立了完整的传染病防控预案及相关制度且更新及时;74.20%的学校有完整的传染病防控登记记录;90.11%的学校开设包括传染病防治相关内容的卫生知识健康教育课程,但有16.61%的学校未在所有年级开展;71.73%的学校制定了包括传染病防治相关内容的健康教育工作计划。283所学校均设置了卫生室或保健室,其中48所中小学校设立了卫生室,占中小学校的41.38%,卫生室建筑面积达标率为77.08%;283所学校均配备了校医或保健教师,配备率达100.00%,但只有36.75%的学校配比达标。27.56%的学校厕所全部配置感应式水龙头;91.87%的学校厕所配置了洗手液,洗手液与水龙头的比例不低于1∶2的占88.13%。 结论 福田区部分学校的传染病防控制度不健全,相关记录不完整;学校卫生人员配比达标率不高,感应式水龙头配置比例有待提高。应当进一步健全学校传染病防控管理体系,增加投入,提高传染病防控硬件设施和学校卫生人员配置。

Objective Five different diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome (MetS) were used to describe the differences in the detection rates of MetS among Chinese adolescents so as to provide references for MetS preventionand controlin the adolescents. Methods Based on the China Health and Nutrition Survey, the detection rates of MetS among Chinese adolescents aged 12-17 years were calculated separately using the Chinese definition (abbreviated as the CHN2012 definition) recommended by the Pediatric Academy of Chinese Medical Association, the International Diabetes Federation criterion (abbreviated as the IDF criterion), the Cook criterion, the Noubiap criterion andthe modified definition of MetS based on IDF criteria(the MetS-IDFm criterion). Kappa test was used to evaluate the consistency. Results The overall detection rate of MetS under the Noubiap criterion was found to be the highest (5.61%), followed by the Cook criterion (4.76%), the MetS-IDFm criterion (3.27%), the CHN2012 definition (2.56%) and the IDF criterion (1.35%). Under the five diagnostic criteria, the detection rates of MetS were all higher in males than in females, and the detection rates of hypertension and high triglyceride were the highest among all components. Among the total population and males, the consistency was found to be the strongest between the Cook and Noubiap criteria, with the Kappa values being 0.913 and 0.923 respectively. Among females, the consistency was found to be the strongest between the CHN2012 definition and the MetS-IDFm criterion, with the Kappa value being 0.956. Conclusions Overall, the detection rate of MetS under the Noubiap criterion is found to be the highest in the adolescents, and it is in good agreement with that under the Cook criterion. The detection rate of MetS under the IDF criterion is found to be the lowest in the adolescents, and it is in poor agreement with those under the other criteria.

Objective To investigate the willingness to have a second child and a third child among professional women in childbearing age, and to analyze the factors influencing their willingness to bear a second child and a third child respectively. Methods A questionnaire was used to survey professional women of childbearing age who bore a child in the physical examination center of a tertiary grade-A hospital in Hefei City. Univariate analysis was conducted by χ² test, and multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 988 subjects were investigated in this study. They were mainly concentrated in the age group of 31-40 years (70.55%), and 87.65% of them hold a bachelor’s degree or above. Among them, there were 691 professional women of childbearing age who had given birth to a child, and their intention to give birth to a second child accounted for 20.84%. There were 297 professional women of childbearing age who had given birth to a second child, and their willingness to give birth to a third child accounted for 20.88%. According to the research findings, the difference between the desires to have a second child anda third child was statistically significant (χ²=23.249, P<0.001), and the proportion of those who did not want to have a second child (64.69%) was lower than that of those who did not want to have a third child (75.08%). Professional women of childbearing age who were younger (OR=0.225, P=0.002) and had a single-parent family structure (OR=2.076, P=0.017) had a higher desire to have a second child, while professional women of childbearing age who had a poor family function (OR=2.931, P=0.030) had a lower desire to have a second child. Professional women of childbearing age who had a lower educational level (OR=0.269, P=0.004) had a higher willingness to have a third child, while professional women of childbearing age who had job changes (OR=2.362, P=0.048) and complications during pregnancy (OR=5.564, P=0.022) had a lower willingness to have a third child. Conclusions The willingness of professional women of childbearing age to have a second or third child may be affected by age, family structure, job changes, pregnancy complications and other factors; hence it is necessary to further develop corresponding measures to improve the willingness of professional women of childbearing age to have a second or third child.

Objective To investigate the current status of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use, secondhand smoke exposure and the factors influencing e-cigarette tries and current e-cigarette use among university students in Wenzhou City, and to provide a basis for tobacco control interventions among university students in Wenzhou City. Methods A random cluster sampling method was used to select 2,118 students from 3 universities in Wenzhou City, and then an anonymous self-filling questionnaire survey on behaviors related to e-cigarette use was conducted through scanning a QR code with a smartphone camera. We descriptively analyzed the status of university students who had used e-cigarettes and ones who were using e-cigarettes. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to analyze the factors affecting the university students who had used e-cigarettes and ones who were using e-cigarettes. Results A total of 2,116 valid questionnaires were retrieved, with the effective response rate of 99.90%. Of all the university students surveyed, 95.27% had heard about e-cigarettes, 6.71%% reported that they had used e-cigarettes, and 1.65% reported that they were using e-cigarettes. There were statistically significant differences in the rates of e-cigarette tries and current e-cigarette use among student groups with different characteristics, and the two rates were higher in male students (11.11%, 3.19%) than in female students (2.97%, 0.35%), higher in junior college students (11.86%, 3.28%) than in undergraduates (4.91%, 1.08%), and higher in non-medical students (8.97%, 2.57%) than in medical students (3.73%, 0.44%). The rates of e-cigarette tries and current e-cigarette use were different among university students with different grades, and showed upward trends with the increase of grades. As for the e-cigarette sources, 50.77% of the respondents reported that they used e-cigarettes from classmates or friends in the last time, 23.08% bought from e-cigarette experience stores or e-cigarette retail stores, and 12.31% from online stores. The causes for e-cigarette use were to like certain flavors (27.69%), consider e-cigarettes with less harmfulness (15.38%) and quit smoking (13.85%). As for current e-cigarette users, fruit flavors were the most popular (50.00%), followed by tobacco flavor (22.22%) and herbal flavor (11.11%), and the average cost of the current e-cigarette users was 100 Yuan per month. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that female students and having no teachers smoking on campus were the common protective factors for e-cigarette tries and current e-cigarette use. Undergraduates were the protective factor for e-cigarette tries compared with junior college students, while freshmen, sophomores and medical students were the protective factors for current e-cigarette use. 34.69% of the surveyed students reported seeing teachers smoking on campus, of which 3.17% reported seeing teachers smoking on campus almoston a daily basis. Among the surveyed students, the proportions of having the awareness about adults’ lung cancer (92.53%) and children’ pulmonary diseases (91.12%) caused by secondhand smoke were higher than that of having the awareness about adults’ cardiopathy (80.29%) caused by secondhand smoke. Conclusions The proportion of current e-cigarette use in the university students surveyed in Wenzhou City increased. Junior colleges and non-medical colleges are the key units for tobacco control, and senior male students the key group for tobacco control. Active promoting the legislation of smoking ban in public places in Wenzhou City can effectively reduce the harmfulness of secondhand smoke. It is conducive to reducing the generation of new smokers through strengthening the construction of smoke-free campuses, enhancing the publicity regarding harmfulness of e-cigarettes, and prohibiting or delaying the teenagers’ attempt of e-cigarettes.

Objective To study the edible safety of egg yolk phospholipids, and to provide a scientific basis for the high-efficiency development and utilization of the resources. Methods According to the National Standard for Food Safety, we conducted an evaluation on toxicological tests of safety of egg yolk phospholipids, including acute oral toxicity test, three genetic toxicity tests and 90-day oral toxicity test. Results Acute oral toxicity test showed that egg yolk phospholipid was actually non-toxic grade, and three genetic toxicity tests displayed negative results. During the 90-day oral toxicity test, SD rats were in good condition and did not die. No statistically significant differences were found in body weight, food intake amount, food utilization rate, body weight gain during the tests, total food intake amount, total food utilization rate, blood routine, blood biochemical and coagulation indicators in female and male rats between each dose group and each control group (P>0.05). There were no abnormal changes related to tested substances in urine routine, ocular examination, gross anatomy and histopathology. The 90-day oral toxicity test revealed that egg yolk phospholipids did not have a toxic effect on rats. The dose of no observed adverse effect level in the 90-day oral toxicity test was 8.03 g/kg·bw for male rats and 10.26 g/kg·bw for female ones. Conclusion Under the experimental conditions, egg yolk phospholipids show no acute toxicity, genetic toxicity and sub-chronic toxicity, and thus have a high edible safety.

Objective To establish the synthetical index of influenza in Shanxi Province, to predict the epidemic thresholds and intensity thresholds of influenza, and to evaluate the model applied to prediction. Methods The surveillance data about epidemic seasons of influenza from 2010/2011 to 2021/2022 were selected. Three indexes like the weekly percentage of influenza-like illness (ILI) cases, the positive rate of nucleic acid detection of influenza virus and the outbreaks of ILI cases were integrated into the form of synthetical index. The epidemic thresholds and intensity thresholds of influenza in Shanxi Province were assessed by the synthetical index combined with the moving epidemic method (MEM). The cross-validation method was applied to analyzing and evaluating the fitting effect of the model, and the evaluation indexes were sensitivity, specificity, Youden index, etc. Early warning analysis was performed for the 2022/2023 influenza epidemic season. Results The MEM model was established based on the synthetical index value. The cross-validation results revealed that the fitting effect of the data about the 2010/2011 influenza epidemic season was poor, so they were deleted. And the influenza early warning model was re-established by using the data about the 2011/2012-2021/2022 influenza epidemic season. The sensitivity, specificity and Youden index were 0.91, 0.93 and 0.86 respectively. The estimated pre-pandemic threshold, the moderate-intensity threshold, the high-intensity threshold and the extremely high-intensity threshold for the 2022/2023 influenza epidemic season were 0.87, 1.41, 3.13 and 4.46 respectively, with the sensitivity, specificity and Youden index being 0.92, 0.94 and 0.86 respectively. Conclusion The MEM model based on the synthetical index value has high sensitivity and specificity in formulating the epidemic thresholds of influenza in Shanxi Province, and can timely and accurately forecast the beginning and epidemic intensity of the influenza season.

目的 了解湖南省学校食堂食品安全管理情况,为进一步构建校园食品安全体系、创新监管模式方面提供参考。方法 选取2019—2022年湖南省学校食堂检查部分数据,主要涉及幼儿园、小学、中学、大学等学校食堂。通过对许可管理、食品安全管理机构健全情况、原料信息公示等13个项目风险因素的不符合情况进行量化分析,评估食品安全风险。结果 2019—2022年湖南省学校食堂在许可管理、从业人员个人卫生、原料采购索证索票、原料库管理、食品留样等方面检查不符合数呈下降趋势。近3年小学和大学食堂在原料采购索证索票、原料半成品成品的贮存方面管理欠到位;幼儿园、小学、中学食堂在功能区划分与布局方面问题成为难点。 结论 学校食堂存在食品安全管理制度落实不到位、设施设备及卫生管理有欠缺、食堂员工操作欠规范等共性问题。省内乡镇小学、高校食堂食品安全管理、学校食堂设计与布局存在问题。建议加快构建食品安全监管体系,督促学校积极履行食品安全主体责任,同时充分发挥社会监督作用。

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common genital tract infection virus, which is divided into high-risk and low-risk types according to its carcinogenicity. Persistent HPV infection with high-risk types is the main cause of cervical cancer. The integration of the HPV viral genome into the human (host) genome is thought to be the molecular basis of persistent HPV infection as well as a key step in the development of cervical cancer. The HPV integrated detection method began with the Southern blot in 1987, and then a series of PCR-based classical methods appeared. With the development of high-throughput sequencing technology at present, HPV integrated detection methods have also been further developed. However, clinical transformation has not yet been realized due to the limitations of the current technology. This study reviews the current relevant methods for HPV integration detection.