Objective To analyze the prevalence and trend of disease burden due to suicide among Chinese population from 1990 to 2021, and to provide a basis for formulating precise prevention and control strategies and measures. Methods Data on the disease burden of suicide among people in China, Asia and around the globe during 1990-2021 were collected from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) database. According to ages and genders, a descriptive analysis was conducted using indicators like the mortality rate and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rate. The age-period-cohort model was used to estimate the impact of age, period and cohort on suicide, and the changing trend in the mortality rate of suicide in Chinese population was predicted. Results From 1990 to 2021, both the age-standardized death rate (ASDR) and age-standardized DALY rate of Chinese population showed a decreasing trend, and the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was -4.24% (95%CI: -4.53%--3.95%) and -3.77% (95%CI: -4.05%--3.50%) respectively. The mortality rates of suicide in Chinese population and male & female population increased with advancing age before 25 years old and after the age of 65 years, and the mortality rate of suicide after 40-44 years old was higher in males than in females. The period effect of risk of suicide death was higher in Chinese females than in Chinese males and Chinese population before the period of 2002-2006, and showed a significant downward trend after the above-mentioned period, reaching the lowest in 2017-2021 (RR_{for females}=0.42, 95%CI: 0.40-0.43). The cohort effect of risk of suicide death in Chinese population as well as males & females showed a decreasing trend with the advancing birth cohort. The cohort effect of risk of suicide death was higher in females than in males and Chinese population before 1955, after which the cohort effect of risk of suicide death between genders tended to be consistent. Conclusions The disease burden of suicide in Chinese population from 1990 to 2021 showed a decreasing trend over time. It is still necessary to pay special attention to the suicide riskamong adolescents and the elderly, and formulate targeted prevention and control strategies and measures.

Objective To analyze the disease burdens of and changing trends in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) due to smoking in China from 1990 to 2021, and to provide a basis for formulating targeted prevention and control strategies for COPD. Methods Based on the research data of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021), we selected the data related to COPD caused by smoking in different years, genders and age groups from 1990 to 2021, and then analyzed the disease burdens of COPD caused by smoking in China by using the indicators like population attributable fraction (PAF), the mortality rate and disability adjusted life year (DALY) rate. The analysis results were compared with the global average levels. Joinpoint 4.7.0.0 software was used to calculate the average annual percent change (AAPC) and analyze the changing trends. Results The PAF value and number of death cases of COPD caused by smoking in China increased from 43.55% and 538,700 cases in 1990 to 43.81% and 563,200 cases in 2021. The mortality rate, DALY rate, standardized mortality rate and standardized DALY rate of COPD caused by smoking in China decreased from 45.79/100,000, 955.71/100,000, 96.37/100,000 and 1,627.97/100,000 in1990 to 39.58/100,000, 716.04/100,000, 31.17/100,000 and 515.69/100,000 in 2021 respectively. The mortality rates, standardized mortality rates, DALY rates and standardized DALY rates of COPD caused by smoking for males and females in China and the world showed downward trends, all the indicators were higher in males than in females, and the disease burdens of COPD caused by smoking for males and females in China were higher than the global levels. The mortality rates and DALY rates of COPD caused by smoking in China and the world continuously increased with the increasing age, with the highest peak in the group aged 85 years and above. The mortality rates and DALY rates of different age groups in China were all higher than the global levels. From 1990 to 2021, the standardized mortality rates of COPD caused by smoking in China and the world showed downward trends, with the AAPC values being -3.627% and -1.983% respectively, and the standardized DALY rates also showed downward trends, with the AAPC values being -3.694% and -2.070% respectively, showing statistically significant differences in all the changing trends (P<0.05). Conclusions Although the changes of disease burdens caused by smoking in China from 1990 to 2021 showed downward trends, they were still higher than the global levels. Due to the development of aging population, the situation of disease burdens of COPD is still grim. It is necessary to strengthen tobacco control and improve the smoking cessation rate of high-risk groups so as to reduce the disease burdens of COPD caused by smoking.

Objective To explore the effect of perilla seed oil and yolk phospholipid on regulating blood lipids in people with lipid metabolism disorders. Methods According to the blood lipid levels, 100 subjects were randomly divided into the control group and the test group, and the test samples were taken continuously for 45 days. We observed the subjects’ general conditions, safety indexes, serum level of total cholesterol and its percentage reduction, level of triglyceride and its percentage reduction, level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and the extent of increase, level of low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and levels of apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) before and after the trial. Results After the trial, the levels of total cholesterol (4.97±0.73) mmol/L, triglyceride (1.58±0.28) mmol/L and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (3.50±0.66) mmol/L in the test group were statistically significantly different from those before the trial as well as those in the control group after the trial (all P<0.05). Moreover, compared with the levels of the above-mentioned indexes in the test group before the trial, their percentage reductions were 13.86%, 18.97% and 18.41% respectively. After the trial, the level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol in the test group increased by 0.133 mmol/L. After the trial, the total effective rate of blood lipid improvement was higher in the test group (40.00%) than in the control group (0.00%), showing a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). After the trial, no statistically significant differences were found in the level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, ApoA1, ApoB and ApoB/ApoA1 ratio between the test group and the control group (all P>0.05). No obvious adverse reactions were observed during the trial. Conclusions The results of this study reveal that perilla seed oil and yolk phospholipid can regulate the blood lipid levels of people with lipid metabolism disorders.

目的 研究过氧化氢消毒液对细菌繁殖体的最低有效剂量,为公共场所、家庭等日常消毒提供科学依据。 方法 利用化学方法检测过氧化氢含量,在实验室采用中和剂悬液定量鉴定试验、悬液定量杀菌试验以及物体表面现场消毒效果鉴定试验,研究不同浓度过氧化氢消毒液的消毒效果。 结果 该样品的过氧化氢含量为3.26%。在悬液定量杀菌试验中,用1.5%过氧化氢消毒液作用15 min,对金黄色葡萄球菌(ATCC6538)、大肠埃希菌(8099)的杀灭对数值分别为5.35和＞7.16,而1.0%过氧化氢消毒液作用20 min后,对金黄色葡萄球菌(ATCC6538)、大肠埃希菌(8099)的杀灭对数值分别为＞7.13和＞7.10。物体表面现场消毒效果鉴定试验发现,1.0%和1.5%过氧化氢消毒液作用5 min对物体表面上自然菌的杀灭率均＞90%。 结论 1.5%和1.0%过氧化氢消毒液均能够有效杀灭金黄色葡萄球菌(ATCC6538)和大肠埃希菌(8099),可用于物体和环境的日常性消毒。

目的 调查中青年HIV/AIDS患者社交回避现状,分析影响因素,为改善患者社交、帮助患者融入社会提供依据。方法 随机选取本院2020年11月—2024年11月期间收治的HIV/AIDS患者160例作为研究对象,采用自拟的调查问卷、社交回避及苦恼(Social Avoidance and Distress Scale,SAD)量表、社会支持评定量表(Social Support Rating Scale,SSRS)、中文版社会影响量表(Social Impact Scale,SIS)、匹茨堡睡眠质量指数(Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index,PSQI)量表调查研究对象的基本情况及社交回避、社会支持水平、病耻感、睡眠情况,利用Pearson相关分析和多元线性回归分析中青年HIV/AIDS患者社交回避相关影响因素。 结果 160例研究对象SAD量表得分平均(13.69±3.64)分,经单因素分析可得,文化程度越高的研究对象SAD量表得分更低,且差异有统计学意义(t=18.288,P＜0.001)、无睡眠障碍的研究对象SAD量表得分更低,且差异有统计学意义(t=20.008,P＜0.001),Pearson相关分析显示SAD量表得分与SSRS得分呈负相关(r=-0.918,P<0.05),与SIS得分呈正相关(r=0.919,P<0.05),与PSQI量表得分呈正相关(r=0.742,P<0.05),多元线性回归分析结果显示,文化程度(b=1.040,95%CI:0.126~1.955,P=0.026)、SIS(b=0.232,95%CI:0.141~0.323,P<0.001)、SSRS(b=-0.410,95%CI:-0.549~-0.270,P<0.001)是SAD量表得分的影响因素(P<0.05)。 结论 中青年HIV/AIDS患者社交回避处于中等水平,应重点关注文化程度低的患者,并提高患者社会支持水平,降低患者病耻感,以减少患者的社交回避情况。

Objective To describe the features of HIV/AIDS death cases and their affecting factors in Xi’an city from 2013 to 2023. Methods We collected the information about demographic characteristics, antiretroviral therapy, and causes of death of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases at their current residential addresses in Xi’an city from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2023. And the factors influencing the causes of death were identified through univariate and multivariate analyses. Results A total of 1,053 HIV/AIDS death cases with current residence in Xi’an city from 2013 to 2023 were reported cumulatively, and the majority were male (90.7%), with a median age at death of 52 (42, 64) years. The main cause of death was unrelated deaths (66.2%), and the proportion of deaths due to HIV/AIDS-related diseases showed a decreasing trend (χ²=47.851, P=0.000). The specific causes of death from deaths due to HIV/AIDS-related diseases and unrelated deaths were opportunistic infections (49.1%) and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (25.7%) respectively. The results of the factors influencing deaths due to HIV/AIDS-related diseases revealed that the death risks of cases in the groups aged 30-, 45- and ≥ 60 years were 5.319, 3.346 and 2.734 times that of the group aged < 30 years respectively, and the death risk of untreated cases was 24.622 times that of treated cases. The death risk of cases with a baseline CD4⁺ T lymphocyte count of <200 cells/μl was higher than those of cases in other groups (200- cells/μl: OR=0.097, 95%CI: 0.035-0.272; 350- cells/μl: OR=0.098, 95%CI: 0.045-0.214; ≥500 cells/μl: OR=0.018, 95%CI: 0.003-0.133). Conclusions Older age, a low baseline CD4⁺ T lymphocyte count, and lack of standardized treatment are factors affecting the death of HIV/AIDS cases. It is necessary to continuously expand the scope of testing and constantly improve the efficiency of early detection and early treatment so as to reduce the risk of death in HIV/AIDS patients.

Objective To understand the contamination status of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) via analyzing the surveillance results of AIVs in external environment in Chengdu city from 2021 to 2023, and to provide a reference basis for prevention, prediction and early warning of the avian influenza epidemic in Chengdu city. Methods Samples were collected from external environment of various poultry-related venues in Chengdu city from January 2021 to December 2023. Real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR was used for universal nucleic acid detection of influenza A virus in the samples, and the positive samples were further tested for nucleic acids of H5, H7 and H9 subtypes. χ² test was employed to compare the rates among multiple groups. Results A total of 5,945 external environmental samples were collected in Chengdu city from January 2021 to December 2023, and 1,574 samples were determined to be positive for AIVs (with the positive rate of 26.48%), including 923 (58.64%) samples of H9 single-positive subtype, 491 (31.19%) samples of unclassified subtypes of avian influenza A virus, 80 (5.08%) samples of H5 and H9 mixed-positive subtype, 78 (4.96%) samples of H5 single-positive subtype and 2 (0.13%) samples of H7 single-positive subtype. The positive rate of AIVs was found to be higher in winter and spring seasons. Dujiangyan city, Pujiang county and Pengzhou city had relatively high positive detection rates of AIVs (39.78%, 36.05% and 35.71% respectively). Among various types of venues and samples, the positive detection rate of AIVs was found to be the highest in live poultry slaughtering venues (45.63%), urban and rural live poultry markets (35.89%), sewage from washing poultry (43.48%) and swab samples from the surfaces of chopping boards used for slaughtering or placing poultry meat (39.29%). The overall differences in the positive detection rates of AIVs among different seasons, areas, venues and types of samples were statisticallysignificant (P<0.001). Conclusions H9 subtype of AIVs prevailed in external environment in Chengdu city, and the contamination in live poultry markets and slaughtering venues was serious. Workers involved in poultry slaughtering and tradinghave a high risk of infection with AIVs. It is necessary to strengthen the surveillance of avian influenza epidemic in various venues and enhance avian influenza prevention and control in winter and spring seasons so as to reduce the risk of infection.

Objective To analyze the changing trends in the disease burden due to osteoarthritis (OA) among the elderly in China from 1990 to 2021, to predict the incidence, prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) rates during 2022-2035, and to provide references for formulating prevention and treatment strategies of OA for the elderly in China. Methods We collected the data regarding the incidence, prevalence and YLDs of OA among the elderly aged 60 years and above in China during 1990-2021 from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database. Joinpoint regression model was used to calculate the average annual percentage change (AAPC). Bayesian age-period-cohort model was employed to predict the age-standardized incidence, prevalence and YLDs rates from 2022 to 2035. Results The absolute number of incidence, prevalence and YLDs of OA in the elderly aged 60 years and above in China in 2021 was 3.8187 million, 85.8484 million, and 3.0074 million person-years respectively, representing increases of 202.60%, 216.04% and 222.37% respectively compared with those in 1990. The age-standardized incidence, prevalence and YLDs rates of OA in 2021 were 1,418.97/100,000, 32,233.69/100,000 and 1,127.77/100,000, showing upward trends compared with those in 1990 (P<0.05). The age-standardized incidence, prevalence and YLDs rates of OA were significantly higher in females than in males. It was predicted that the age-standardized incidence, prevalence and YLD rates of OA in males and females in 2022-2035 would continue to increase (P<0.05). Conclusion The disease burden of OA among elderly population in China during 1990-2021 had shown a significant upward trend, with females having a higher disease burden than males. Special attention should be paid to key populations like the elderly and females, and appropriate primary and secondary prevention measures should be taken to reduce the disease burden of OA.

Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics of outbreaks of influenza-like illness (ILI) cases and factors affecting the effectiveness of response to the outbreaks in Jining city from January 2023 to June 2024, and to provide a basis for optimizing prevention and control strategies. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to describe and analyze the epidemic characteristics of ILI outbreaks, including the distribution of location, time, population and pathogens. χ² test and Fisher's exact probability test were employed for performing difference analysis. χ² test was used for univariate analysis of factors influencing the duration of ILI outbreaks, while logistic regression was applied to performing multivariate analysis. Results From January 2023 to June 2024, Jining city reported 49 ILI outbreaks cumulatively, all occurring in schools and kindergartens, with a total of 1,488 cases reported. Case reports were mainly concentrated in March-November 2023, and primary schools had the highest number of reported outbreaks. There were statistically significant differences in the attack rates of ILI outbreak across different venues (χ²=299.397, P<0.001). The main pathogens were influenza A (H1N1) and influenza A (H3N2) viruses. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the timing of implementing control measures was correlated with the effectiveness of response to the ILI outbreaks. Conclusions From January 2023 to June 2024, the ILI outbreaks in Jining city were mainly concentrated in the winter and spring seasons, with primary schools having the highest number of reported outbreaks. Implementing control measures in time is significantly related to the effectiveness of response to the ILI outbreaks.

目的 对1例跨省输入发热伴血小板减少综合征确诊病例开展调查分析,为非流行地区的防控工作提供参考。方法 按照《发热伴血小板减少综合征防控技术指南(2024版)》要求开展流行病学调查和采样检测。 结果 病例为1名 59岁江西籍女性。2024年4月6日病例在江西出现发热伴头晕,4月9日与家人携宠物猫自驾抵达珠三角某市。4月10日—12日因发热伴乏力、恶心、呕吐,间有腹痛,伴黑褐色样便等症状多次门诊就诊;4月13日住院治疗。4月16日第三方检测机构反馈其全套宏基因检测结果为新型布尼亚病毒感染。4月17日市疾病预防控制中心实验室报告病例的血清标本检测结果为大别班达病毒核酸阳性。流行病学调查显示,病例在潜伏期内(3月23日—4月5日)多次到江西老家的野外山林挖笋,其宠物猫身上曾发现蜱虫。病例经对症治疗后痊愈,20名密切接触者(4名同住家人和16名医护人员)完成14 d健康监测,均无相关症状出现。 结论 这是1例跨省输入发热伴血小板减少综合征病例,推断病例在江西野外山林中被蜱叮咬而感染的可能性大。今后在发热伴血小板减少综合征的非流行地区同样需加强病例监测,健全第三方检测机构检测报告机制,强化医护人员的诊断和防护意识,同时促进家养动物的健康管理。

Objective To analyze the surveillance results of influenza viruses in Nanning city from 2020 to 2024, and to provide reference data for prevention and control of influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 infections. Methods Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid in pharyngeal swab specimens from influenza-like illness (ILI) cases in Nanning city, and the detection data were descriptively and statistically analyzed. χ² test was performed by using SPSS 26.0 software. ArcGIS 10.7 software was employed to create the distribution map of areas with influenza epidemic. Results A total of 13,850 influenza surveillance specimens were detected, with the influenza virus positivity rate of 9.83%, the SARS-CoV-2 positivity rate of 5.24%, and the combined positivity rate of 15.08%. The lowest level of influenza activity was seen in 2020, followed by peaks in influenza surveillance and outbreaks dominated by BV, H3N2 and H1N1 in 2021-2023, with the highest level of influenza activity in 2023 and showing a double-peak epidemic. In 2024, there was only a surveillance peak for influenza virus but no epidemic peak. A total of five surveillance peaks for SARS-CoV-2 occurred, with the highest intensity in December 2022, followed by a gradual decrease in the epidemic intensity. Influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 infections had alternate peaks. No statistically significant difference was found in the influenza virus positivityrate between males and females, but there was a statistically significant difference in the SARS-CoV-2 positivity rate. Thepositivity rate of influenza virus was found to be the highest in the group aged 5- years, and that of SARS-CoV-2 in the group aged 60- years. There were 308 laboratory-confirmed influenza outbreaks, and Yongning district had the highest number of confirmed influenza outbreaks, with primary schools accounting for 64.61% of the influenza outbreaks. Conclusions The SARS-CoV-2 infection prevention and control measures have significant impacts on the influenza epidemic in Nanning city, with different influenza virus genotypes circulating alternately. The changing trends in the intensities of influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 epidemics are different, and the key groups for prevention and control also vary. Primary schools are the key sites for influenza epidemic prevention and control. It is suggested to carry out multi-pathogen detection in specimens from ILI cases, conduct SARS-CoV-2 surveillance for the elderly, improve the awareness of influenza epidemic identification and reporting in collective units, and give full play to the role of influenza surveillance.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of clusters of fever cases during the spring and autumn-winter high-incidence seasons for influenza in Fengtai district, Beijing municipality in 2023, and to provide a reference basis for prevention and control strategies against clusters of respiratory diseases in the district. Methods We collected the data about clusters of fever cases reported in Fengtai district, Beijing municipality from 2019 to 2021, as well as from January 1 to April 30 and from September 1 to December 10 in 2023. Descriptive analyses were conducted on the epidemiological characteristics, etiological test results, and vaccination rates associated with these clusters. Results A total of 339 clusters of fever cases were reported from January 1 to April 30 in 2023, mainly occurring between February 20 and March 12, with kindergartens being the most affected venues. The main pathogens alternated between influenza A (H1N1) and influenza A (H3N2). A total of 246 clusters were reported from September 1 to December 10, mainly occurring between November 13 and December 3, with primary schools being the most affected venues and influenza A (H3N2) being the main pathogen. Among the 225 clusters with pathogen sampling, clusters caused by a single pathogen among other respiratory pathogens accounted for 13.33%, with parainfluenza (36.67%) and adenovirus (33.33%) being the main pathogens. The overall influenza vaccination rates of classes experiencing influenza clusters during the two epidemic seasons were 43.32% and 57.31% respectively. The overall vaccination rates in kindergartens and schools in both seasons were relatively low. Additionally, the overall attack rates in classes with the vaccination rates ≥ 50% were lower than those in classes with the vaccination rates < 50% during both epidemic seasons, showing a statistically significant difference (χ²=20,427.385, χ²=1,788.865, P<0.001). Conclusions Compared with previous years, there was a significant increase in the clusters of fever cases in spring and autumn-winter in Fengtai district, Beijing municipality in 2023. Kindergartens and primary schools are prone to such clusters of fever cases. It is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of fever clusters in schools, achieve early detection andrapid response, and simultaneously pay special attention to the epidemic related to multiple respiratory pathogens so as to achieve precise epidemic prevention and control. Moreover, influenza vaccination can effectively prevent the occurrence of the epidemic and delay its spread. Efforts should be made to strengthen the promotion and popularization of importance of influenza vaccination and improve the vaccination rate.

Objective To investigate the adverse events following immunization (AEFI) reported after human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in Tianjin municipality from 2018 to 2023, and to provide a basis for monitoring and evaluation on the safety of HPV vaccines. Methods Based on the Tianjin Immunization Planning Information Management System and the AEFI Monitoring System of the Chinese Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, we collected the data on HPV vaccination and AEFI reports in Tianjin municipality from 2018 to 2023. Descriptive epidemiological research methods were used to analyze the AEFI monitoring data. Results The reported incidence rate of AEFI related to HPV vaccines in Tianjin municipality from 2018 to 2023 was 6.60/100,000 doses. The reported incidence rates of AEFI related to bivalent HPV vaccine (HPV2), quadrivalent HPV vaccine (HPV4) and 9-valent HPV vaccine (HPV9) were 4.67/100,000 doses, 4.39/100,000 doses and 9.83/100,000 doses respectively (χ²=20.831, P<0.001). The majority of the AEFI cases reported were individuals aged 27-45 years (47.06%), with the highest number of AEFI cases reported after the first dose of vaccination (44.86%). The incidence rate of general reactions was 4.95/100,000 doses, with fever, redness and induration being the main symptoms, and occurring at rates of 2.19/100,000 doses, 1.17/100,000 doses and 0.87/100,000 doses respectively. Abnormal reactions were dominated by allergic skin rashes, with the incidence rate of 0.83/100,000 doses. The incidence rate of serious abnormal reactions was 0.29/100,000 doses, with favorable outcomes. A total of 79.41% of the reported AEFI occurred within 1 day after vaccination. Conclusions The incidence rates of adverse reactions following HPV vaccination in Tianjin municipality fall within the expected ranges, indicating a good overall safety profile.

Objective To investigate the species composition, distribution, and activity patterns of mosquito vectors at the Manzhouli Port in the Sino-Russian-Mongolian border (hereafter referred to as the Manzhouli Port) of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and to screen out mosquito sampling methods suitable for the environmental characteristics of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region so as to provide a basis and guidance for further obtaining the catalog of mosquito species in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Methods The inquiry method was used to investigate the diurnal activity rhythms and seasonal occurrence patterns ofmosquitoes. Adult mosquitoes were captured by resting mosquito capture method, human landing catch method, double-layeredmosquito net trap, sweep net and light traps, while larval mosquitoes were collected using the pipette and dipper methods. Excel software was used for data organization, and IBM SPSS 27.0 for statistical analyses. Differences in the composition ratios were assessed using χ² test. Results A total of 1,840 mosquitoes were collected, belonging to 3 genera for 6 species. Among the adult mosquito collection methods, light traps yielded the greatest number of mosquitoes (n=1,047, 56.90%), followed by resting mosquito capture method (n=444, 24.13%) and human landing catch method (n=305, 16.58%). Culex modestus was identified as the dominant species in different habitats (I>0.1), followed by Aedes dorsalis (I>0.1). There were statistically significant differences in the species composition of mosquitoes captured by different mosquito collection methods and in different habitats (P<0.05). Conclusion Aedes flavidorsalis and Aedes flavescens were newly recorded mosquito species in this area. During the mosquito active season, it is recommended to use a comprehensive sampling approach to combining light traps, resting mosquito capture method and human landing catch method with the pipette and dipper methods for larval in mosquito breeding habitats so as to further characterize the local mosquito species composition and distribution patterns.

目的 分析上海市2023—2024年一起学校耐药结核病聚集性疫情,排查学校结核病防控工作各环节中存在的问题,为学校结核病防控政策、措施的制定和调整提供参考依据。方法 对肺结核患者进行流行病学调查,对接触者进行结核筛查、预防性治疗以及医学随访。采用描述性分析的方法,应用SPSS 24.0统计软件进行数据分析,率的比较采用 χ² 检验、Fisher确切概率法。结果 该起疫情共发现9例肺结核病例,其中耐药病例5例。所有病例均为同班学生,该班级肺结核罹患率为 8.04%(9/112)。密切接触人群的结核菌素皮肤试验异常率16.22%(18/111)高于一般接触人群7.64%(11/144),差异有统计学意义(χ²=4.575,P＜0.05)。结论 病例早发现、早隔离、早治疗、密切接触者应筛尽筛及医学随访、预防性治疗等多措并举能有效控制学校结核病的发生。

目的 探讨基于两种算法构建重症肺炎多重耐药菌(multi-drug resistant bacteria,MDRB)感染的风险预警模型,为临床准确识别MDRB感染高危人群、制定防控策略提供依据。 方法 选取2021年1月—2024年4月望京医院收治的280例重症肺炎患者,根据MDRB感染情况分为感染组与未感染组,统计MDRB病原学特点、一般资料及MDRB感染可能因素,分别构建logistic回归和随机森林风险预警模型,采用受试者工作特征曲线评价两种模型对MDRB感染的预测效能。 结果 280例重症肺炎患者MDRB感染率为34.29%,合并脑血管疾病、医院获得性肺炎、营养不良、碳青霉烯类抗生素暴露、抗生素使用时长≥2周、气管插管是重症肺炎患者MDRB感染的危险因素,miR-127-5p表达量是其保护因素(P均＜0.05);随机森林风险预警模型显示,影响重症肺炎患者MDRB感染发生的重要性由高到低为抗生素使用时长≥2周、肺炎类型、碳青霉烯类抗生素暴露、miR-127-5p表达量、气管插管、营养不良;利用logistic回归方程构建的重症肺炎患者MDRB感染风险预警模型进行预测,曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)为0.847(95%CI:0.799～0.887),随机森林算法构建的风险预警模型AUC为0.897(95%CI:0.856～0.930),两种预警模型均具备较好的预测效能,但随机森林算法构建的预警模型预测效能优于logistic回归模型。 结论 随机森林算法对重症肺炎患者发生MDRB感染的预测效能优于logistic回归,临床可依据预警模型制定针对性措施预防MDRB感染的发生。

Objective To explore the correlation between the risk and mortality rate of coronary heart disease (CHD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods Data from the 2017-2018 cycle of the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were selected for a cross-sectional analysis, with a total of 3,921 participants enrolling in the analysis. Based on the data from disease questionnaires, the participants were divided into the CHD group (n=166) and the control group (n=3,755). The baseline characteristics between the groups were balanced using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). Unconditional logistic regression, weighted logistic regression and subgroup analysis were conducted to evaluate the correlation between CHD and NAFLD. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was applied to analyzing the independent association of NAFLD with the mortality rate of CHD. Results After IPTW matching, baseline characteristics were well-balanced between the two groups (SMD<0.20, P>0.05). The incidence rate of NAFLD was higher in the CHD group (72.29%, 120/166) than in the control group (54.86%, 2,060/3,755), showing a statistically significant difference between the two groups (χ²=19.562, P<0.001). The results of unconditional logistic regression revealed that after adjusting for all covariates, NAFLD was independently associated with an increased risk of CHD (OR=1.572, 95%CI: 1.088-2.272). The results of weighted logistic regression indicated a significant correlation between CHD and NAFLD (OR=1.302, 95%CI: 1.178-1.439). The results of subgroup analysis displayed that factors such as gender, age, and hypertension history could influence the correlation between CHD and NAFLD (P_{for interaction}<0.001). No correlation between NAFLD and the mortality rate of CHD was identified through the Cox proportional hazards regression model. Conclusions There is a significant correlation between CHD and NAFLD, and NAFLD management is of great significance for CHD prevention.

Objective To explore the current status and related factors of myopia, depression and anxiety comorbidity amongst middle school students in Changsha city, and to construct a nomogram model for predicting the risk of the comorbidity so as to provide a scientific basis for comorbidity, co-cause and co-prevention of common diseases in middle school students. Methods A stratified cluster random sampling method was used to conduct distance vision tests, dioptometry and a questionnaire survey on the related factors among 11,007 middle school students in Changsha city from October to November 2023. Logistic regression analysis was performed to screen the factors influencing patients with comorbidity of myopia, depression and anxiety, and a nomogram model was constructed. Results A total of 7,705 middle school students were enrolled into the modeling group, with the comorbidity rate for myopia, depression and anxiety being 11.34%. Factors that increased the risk of comorbidity of myopia, depression and anxiety included consuming deep-fried foods once a day or more, using a computer every day, unrestrictedly using electronic products by parents, prematurely attending extra classes after school and sedentary behavior. Factors that reduced the risk of comorbidity of myopia, depression and anxiety included engaging in outdoor activities during the break between classes, spending more than 3 hours on outdoor activities per day, reminders from parents and teachers about proper reading and writing postures and having more than 8 hours of sleep. The area under the curve of the prediction model in the modeling group and the validation group was 0.761 and 0.725 respectively. Both the Hosmer-Lemeshow test results in the modeling group and thevalidation group showed that the nomogram model had a good fitting degree (P>0.05). Decision curve analysis revealed that using the nomogram prediction model to predict the comorbidity could achieve greater net benefit when the threshold probability of comorbidity risk was between 0.1 and 0.4 in the modeling group or between 0.1 and 0.44 in the validation group. Conclusion Learning and lifestyles are related to the comorbidity of myopia, depression and anxiety in the middle school students. The nomogram prediction model constructed in this study can be used for identifying the risk factors and providing a scientific basis for taking targeted co-prevention measures against the comorbidity.

The pilot initiative of the disease control and prevention supervisor system in China’s medical institutions has achieved phased progress. In order to analyze the pilot effects and improvement pathways of this system in medical institutions, the research team systematically evaluates the implementation effects of the system in terms of policy support, economic impact, social effects, and technological application through the innovative application of the PEST-SWOT analysis framework. The study finds that strong national policy support provides the core guarantee for the system, with significant advantages observed during the pilot phase, including low economic input and minimal social resistance. However, critical bottlenecks like ambiguities in implementation rules and challenges in grassroots adoption persist in policy execution, particularly the lack of a quantitative evaluation system that risks inconsistent operational quality. The study reveals that the current system operates under a pattern of strong policy impetus but weak technological empowerment. Although preliminary synergies within the healthcare system have emerged, the ambiguous functional positioning of supervisors and suboptimal deployment mechanisms constrain institutional efficiency. To address the existing challenges, the research team has proposed a three-dimensional improvement strategy. For the top-level design, we suggest refining the supporting regulatory document system and clarifying the boundaries of authority and responsibility. For the implementation level, we advocate to establish dynamic evaluation metrics and enhance the supervisors’ professional authority. In terms of technical integration, we emphasize to develop digital tools and enhance work efficiency through the construction of intelligent monitoring platforms. These improvement measures aim to facilitate the transition of the disease control and prevention supervisor system from a pilot exploration to a long-term and sustainable mechanism, driving leapfrog development in public health governance.

Disease X refers to an infectious disease caused by an unknown pathogen that has the potential to trigger a global pandemic. Affected by factors like the accelerated global climate change, the continuous expansion of human activity, and the frequent cross-species transmission of pathogens, the risk of a global pandemic caused by them is increasing continuously. Based on the 4R theoretical framework, this study systematically analyzes 38 global studies related to the preparedness for and response to the Disease X pandemic, and extracts international experiences across five major dimensions: organizational system, preventive preparedness, surveillance and early warning, response and disposal, and post-crisis recovery and reconstruction. The international community has enhanced its prevention and control capabilities through paths such as building multilateral cooperation mechanisms, implementing multidimensional prevention and preparedness frameworks, establishing diversified surveillance and early warning systems, optimizing emergency response strategies, and strengthening the construction of societal resilience. China should actively participate in global cooperation and international public health governance, build a comprehensive preventive preparedness system, implement intelligent monitoring, early warning and early response mechanisms, optimize the allocation of medical resources, and promote economic recovery and social reconstruction in the post-pandemic era so as to comprehensively enhance its integrated response capabilities to the Disease X pandemic.

This study aims to comprehensively explore the epidemiological characteristics, influencing factors and prevention strategies of early-onset stroke. Stroke has become the second leading cause of mortality and a major cause of disability worldwide, with a more severe impact on young people. The risk factors for early-onset stroke include modifiable and non-modifiable factors. Smoking is the most prevalent factor among unhealthy lifestyle practices and exhibits a dose-response relationship with stroke risk. In addition, poor dietary habits, alcohol consumption, insufficient physical activity, poor sleep quality, hypertension and diabetes mellitus increase the risk of early-onset stroke. Females face unique risk factors such as pregnancy and the use of oral contraceptives. Genetically speaking, parental history of stroke and specific genetic variations (such as moyamoya disease susceptibility variant RNF213 p.R4810K) both increase the risk of stroke. Prevention strategies include a three-tiered prevention and control system: first, advocating for healthy lifestyles such as quitting smoking, limiting alcohol consumption, maintaining a healthy diet and increasing physical activity; second, identifying high-risk individuals through early screening and artificial intelligence technologies, improving tiered diagnosis and treatment as well as stroke center construction and enhancing the efficiency of treatment; third, as for patients who have already developed the disease, implementing standardized treatment protocols and community-based rehabilitation management, establishing electronic health records and promoting a multidisciplinary diagnostic and treatment model to improve treatment and rehabilitation outcomes for patients. Early-onset stroke is an increasingly serious global health issue that requires comprehensive prevention and treatment strategies to reduce its impact on young people.

Objective To understand the characteristics and variation trend of injury deaths amongst residents in Liangping district of Chongqing municipality from 2018 to 2023, and to clarify the focus for implementing injury interventions. Methods We selected the data about injury death cases of permanent residents in Liangping district from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2023, and calculated the indicators like the crude mortality rate and the standardized mortality rate due to injuries. SAS 9.4 software was used to perform χ² test, and Joinpoint 5.0.2 software was employed to analyze the changing trends in the mortality rate of injuries. Results The crude mortality rate of injuries in residents in Liangping district during 2018-2023 was 52.12/100,000, with the standardized mortality rate being 40.16/100,000. The mean mortality rate of injuries was significantly higher in males than in females (65.90/100,000, vs. 37.86/100,000, P=0.001). There was a decreasing trend in the standardized mortality rate of injuries among residents in Liangping district during 2018-2023 (AAPC=-6.037%, t=-5.112, P<0.001), but no statistically significant difference was found in the changing trend in the crude mortality rate of injuries (P>0.05). The top four leading causes of injury deaths among residents were traffic accidents (with the crude mortality rate being 14.56/100,000), falls (14.12/100,000), suicide (6.84/100,000) and drowning (5.18/100,000). The ranking of causes of injury deaths varies slightly by gender, with traffic accidents being the leading cause of injury deaths for males (19.50/100,000) and falls being the leading cause of injury deaths for females (10.38/100,000). The leading cause of injury deaths for residents aged 0 to <15 years, 15 to <45 years, 45 to <65 years, and ≥ 65 years were drowning (5.02/100,000), traffic accidents (7.00/100,000), traffic accidents (21.42/100,000) and falls (51.30/100,000) respectively. Conclusions The mortality rate of injuries in Liangping district from 2018 to 2023 remained relatively stable. The current injury prevention and control work faces ongoing challenges. It is recommended to take targeted intervention measures based on population characteristics so as to reduce the occurrence of injuries.

目的 分析南京地区老年2型糖尿病患者生命质量水平现状以及其影响因素,为卫生健康部门制定相关干预措施提供支持。 方法 采用方便抽样法,对2023年1月—2024年3月于江苏省中医院就诊及住院的323名老年2型糖尿病患者进行问卷调查,调查其基本人口学特征、糖尿病病程及并发症、自评健康状况、老年综合征罹患数量、生命质量等情况。利用两独立样本t检验和方差分析不同人群2型糖尿病患者生命质量水平现状的差异,并采用多元线性回归模型分析其影响因素。 结果 323名老年2型糖尿病患者生命质量平均得分为(60.40±13.51)分,平均罹患老年综合征(3.28±1.51)种。不同年龄、婚姻状况、自评健康状况、有无糖尿病并发症和不同老年综合征罹患数的患者其生命质量得分差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),经多元线性回归分析发现:年龄(b=-1.677, 95%CI:-2.812～-0.543)、自评健康状况(b=0.128, 95%CI:0.063～0.193)、老年综合征罹患数(b=-0.907, 95%CI:-1.458～-0.355)是老年2型糖尿病患者生命质量的影响因素(P＜0.05)。 结论 老年2型糖尿病患者生命质量的现状整体处于中等水平,年龄越大、自评健康状况越差、老年综合征罹患数越多患者生命质量越差,卫生健康部门应加强对老年2型糖尿病患者生命质量评估,尤其是对罹患老年综合征的患者评估,及早识别并干预患者老年综合征,提高老年2型糖尿病患者的生命质量水平。

Objective To construct a prediction model for the willingness to receive the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine among staff from medical and health institutions, and to provide a basis for formulation and promotion of HPV vaccination strategies. Methods A convenience sampling method was used to conduct an online questionnaire survey on the willingness to receive HPV vaccination among staff from medical and health institutions in Guilin city. A total of 3,582 samples were randomly selected as the training set, and 1,536 samples as the test set. The results of LASSO regression and binary logistic regression analyses were used to construct a prediction model for HPV vaccination willingness among staff from medical and health institutions. The model's predictive performance was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration curve and goodness-of-fit test. Results A total of 5,118 participants were enrolled in this study, and the average age was (36.19±9.57) years, including 3,801 females and 1,317 males, accounting for 74.27% and 25.73% respectively. Among the participants, 90.93% were willing to receive the HPV vaccine. Age, gender, norms in cognition about the harm caused by HPV infection and perceived behavioral control regarding willingness to be a vaccine advocate and willingness to recommend the HPV vaccine were identified as independent factors influencing HPV vaccination willingness among staff from medical and health institutions, and the area under the curve (AUC) of the nomogram model based on these 5 factors was 0.835. Conclusions The nomogram prediction model for HPV vaccination willingness among staff from medical and health institutions constructed in this study demonstrates the satisfactory predictive capability.

Objective To explore the correlations and strength of association between different types of public transportation and measles epidemics in Guangzhou city, and to quantitatively evaluate the impact of public transport passenger flow on measles incidence. Methods We collected the data on reported measles cases and passenger flow for various types of public transportation in Guangzhou city from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2022, and then analyzed the correlation coefficients between passenger flow for each type of public transportation and measles incidence as well as the strength of association between each type of public transportation and measles incidence. The correlations of public transport passenger flow with measles incidence in the groups of different ages and genders were also explored. Results A total of 2,567 measles cases were reported in Guangzhou city from 2014 to 2022, with the average annual reported incidence rate of 1.820/100,000. There were statistically significant relationships between the number of monthly measles cases and passenger flow for taxies (IRR=2.964, 95%CI: 2.208-3.980, P<0.001), road transport (IRR=1.235, 95%CI: 1.117-1.365, P<0.001) and civil aviation (IRR=0.115, 95%CI: 0.024-0.560, P<0.05). The incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of passenger flow for taxies and road transport in the male group were both higher than those in the female group and also greater than 1 (P<0.001). Across all age groups, the IRR of passenger flow for taxies was greater thanthat of passenger flow for road transport and also greater than 1 (P<0.001), with the highest IRR of passenger flow for railways in the group aged < 8 months (IRR=12.385, 95%CI: 2.645-58.004, P<0.05). Conclusions The number of measles cases in Guangzhou city in 2014-2022 showed an overall downward trend year by year. However, increases in passenger flow for taxies, rail transport and road transport may increase the onset risk of measles in the general population.

目的 了解南京地区老年2型糖尿病住院患者抑郁发生水平及影响因素,探索衰弱与社会支持的交互作用与抑郁发生的关联,为医疗机构提供数据支持。 方法 调查2021—2023年就诊于南京鼓楼医院的282名老年2型糖尿病住院患者抑郁情况及相关数据,采用多因素logistic回归分析老年患者抑郁的影响因素,并评估衰弱状况和社会支持水平的交互作用对老年患者抑郁的影响。 结果 282名老年2型糖尿病住院患者,抑郁发生人数127名,抑郁发生率为45.04%。多因素logistic回归结果显示,女性、高龄、非在婚、农村居住、衰弱和社会支持低水平是老年患者抑郁发生的影响因素(均P＜0.05)。调整混杂因素后结果显示,衰弱和社会支持对抑郁有正向相乘交互作用(均OR＞1)及相加交互作用(P＜0.001),超额相对危险度为5.641(95%CI:0.089～11.192),交互作用归因比为0.501(95%CI:0.433～0.568),交互作用指数为2.219(95%CI:1.662～2.962)。 结论 南京地区老年2型糖尿病住院患者抑郁发生率较高,衰弱与社会支持的交互作用增加了抑郁发生风险,提示低社会支持水平下,衰弱患者的抑郁风险更高。医疗机构应综合开展患者心理健康干预,多因素、多渠道、多角度开展健康促进工作,降低患者抑郁发生率。

Objective To investigate the economic burdens from birth defect treatment, including direct and indirect economic burdens, among families having children with birth defects in Hunan Province. Methods Based on the Birth Defects Surveillance System in Hunan province, a total of 251 children with birth defects were selected by stratified sampling from regions with high, medium and low levels of economic development in Hunan province from March 1, 2021 to March 1, 2022. A self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate the medical-seeking behaviors and related economic expenditures due to birth defects among families having children with birth defects over the past year. Results Birth defects of the surveyed children in this research could be classified into 12 categories, among which cardio-circulatory system defects accounted for the highest proportion (37.45%), followed by polydactyly and syndactyly (16.73%). The surveyed families utilized health services 468 times for the treatment of birth defects, resulting in an economic burden of 8,087,200 yuan in the past year, including the direct economic burden of 7,618,200 yuan and the indirect economic burden of 469,000 yuan. Digestive system defects and cardio-circulatory system defects imposed a heavy economic burden, with the disease costs per case being 74,300 yuan and 62,700 yuan respectively. Among the 64 children's families from regions with a low level of economic development within theprovince, the average annual economic burden per case was 58,200 yuan; as for 62 children's families from regions with a medium level of economic development, it was 35,000 yuan; as for 125 children's families from regions with a high level of economic development, it was 17,600 yuan. Conclusions Among various categories of birth defects, the average annual economic burden per case is found to be the highest in children with digestive system defects, followed by those with cardio-circulatory system defects. Among the regions with high, medium and low levels of economic development in Hunan province, families of children with birth defects in regions with a low level of economic development bear the heaviest economic burden of disease, with the average annual economic burden per case being approximately 3 times that of families from regions with a high level of economic development.

Objective To characterize a cluster of pertussis cases and evaluate the effectiveness of control measures in a kindergarten, and to provide a basis for prevention and control of cluster epidemics of pertussis in the school setting. Methods Field epidemiological survey, health investigation and laboratory tests were conducted. A susceptible-exposed-infectious/asymptomatic-removed (SEIAR) model was established to evaluate the effectiveness of control measures, and then suggestions on control measures were recommended. Results The epidemic lasted for 41 days, with 22 cases identified (including 21 confirmed cases and 1 asymptomatic case), yielding an attack rate of 30.56%. All the cases presented with cough, with 23.81% exhibiting paroxysmal spasmodic cough. The kindergarten had a full vaccination rate of 100% for four doses of acellular pertussis-containing vaccine, with the time interval between the last dose and onset of illness ranging from 21 to 62 months. Without control measures, the SEIAR model predicted a basic reproduction number of 8.80, the duration of outbreak (DO) of 100 days, and the total attack rate (TAR) of 95.50%. After implementing comprehensive control measures, DO and TAR reduced by 59.00% and 68.00% respectively. Compared with having no control measures, implementing comprehensive control measures on days 24, 16 and 12 of the cluster epidemic resulted in TAR reductions of 66.45%, 74.31% and 87.19% respectively. Conclusions This outbreak was a cluster epidemic of pertussis in a kindergarten.Implementing comprehensive control measures likestrengthening health monitoring, enhancingventilation and disinfection and reducing personnel gatherings based on case isolation, can control the pertussis epidemic effectively in the school setting, with earlier measures being more effective.

Objective To investigate the current status of mental health literacy (MHL) among college students, and to explore its influencing factors so as to provide a reference basis for mental health education in universities. Methods A random sampling method was used to select 1,184 college students from the University Town in Nanhai district, Foshan city in 2023 to serve as the research subjects. The Chinese version of the Multicomponent Mental Health Literacy Scale was utilized to assess the college students’ MHL, and their sociodemographic information, health behaviors and access to mental health resources were also surveyed. The overall status of MHL of the college students in Nanhai district was analyzed. Univariate analysis as well as multiple linear regression were employed to explore the factors influencing MHL and its different dimensions. Results A total of 1,128 valid questionnaires were enrolled into this analysis. The mean total score of MHL among the college students in Nanhai district, Foshan city was (12.37±6.15), with subscale scores of (6.43±3.92) for mental health knowledge, (3.46±2.08) for mental health beliefs, and (2.48±1.54) for access to mental health resources. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the important factors influencing MHL were gender, family location, grades, alcohol consumption, physical exercise situation, whether to have a psychological counseling or consultation room in a university, whether to participate in mental health courses, whether to expose to mental health publicity activities and available mental health resources. Conclusions The overall level of MHL among the college students remained to be improved. Mental health education and interventions should be tailored to the students’ demographic and behavioral characteristics, with targeted strategies developed for different groups of students to enhance their awareness and utilization ability of mental health resources.

Objective To understand the prevalence of experimentation of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and its affecting factors among middle school students in Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, and to provide a basis for further implementing smoking control measures in schools. Methods A stratified multistage cluster probability sampling method was used to select 8,918 students from 180 classes of 60 junior high schools, senior high schools and vocational high schools in 10 monitored counties (cities, districts) of Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region in 2023, and all students in the selected classes filled out self-administered questionnaires. χ² test and binary logistic regression were employed to analyze the awareness and experimentation of e-cigarettes and their influencing factors among the students surveyed. Results The experimentation rate and awareness rate of e-cigarettes among the middle school students in Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region were 15.04% and 89.06% respectively. The results of multivariate analysis indicated that the experimentation rate of e-cigarettes was higher in male students than in female ones (OR=2.037, 95%CI: 1.787-2.321),lower in senior high school students than in vocational high school students(OR=0.694, 95%CI: 0.579-0.832), higher in students from families with at least one smoking parent than in students from families where neither parent smoked (OR=1.355, 95%CI: 1.193-1.539), and higher in students whose good friends smoked than in students whose good friends did not smoke (OR=3.964, 95%CI: 3.490-4.502). In addition, 58.84% of the middle school students used e-cigarettes out of curiosity. The main channels to obtain e-cigarette advertisements or advertisements for the related products among the junior high school students included e-cigarette experience or retail stores, shops, supermarkets, convenience stores, grocery stores, television, online social media and websites, accounting for 36.01%. Conclusions The proportion of the middle school students with e-cigarette experimentation in Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region was relatively high. Male students, vocational high school students, parental smoking, good friends' smoking and curiosity were the main factors for e-cigarette experimentation. There were multiple channels for obtaining advertisements for e-cigarettes and the related products. Special attention should be paid to constructing the smoke-free environment and enhancing the popularization of knowledge about the hazards of e-cigarettes so as to reduce the risk of adolescents progressing from experimental to regular smokers.

Objective To observe the effects of lead exposure via drinking water on female mice's internal organs like heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney and uterus. Methods Forty C57BL/6 female mice were randomly divided into 4 groups according to their body weights, and then were given lead acetate solutions with concentrations of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/L respectively, with the continuous exposure for 12 weeks. After that, each internal organ of the mice was weighed and the organ coefficients were calculated. The pathological changes of each internal organ were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Results After 12 weeks of lead exposure, there were no changes in all organ coefficients of mice in each lead-exposed group compared with the control group (P>0.05). However, the alveolar walls of the lungs showed capillary congestion and rupture, with focal hemorrhage, thickening of the alveolar walls, and blurred structure. Hepatocytes were swollen, with reduced hepatic sinusoids and even disappearance, decreased glycogen in hepatocyte cytoplasm, deep cytoplasmic staining, and hepatocyte microvesicular lipidosis. The spleen showed disordered structure, with atrophy of splenic corpuscles, and deposition of amyloid substances and iron oxide. Renal tubular epithelial cells exhibited degeneration, swelling, and loose cytoplasm, with glomerular atrophy and vacuolar changes. Cardiomyocytes showed congestion and swelling, with widened and ruptured myocardial fiber spacing. The endometrium was thickened, with disordered epithelial cell arrangement, vacuolar degeneration, and eosinophilic infiltration in the lamina propria. Conclusions Lead exposure can cause varying degrees of pathological damages to internal organs of female mice at the morphological level.

Objective To evaluate the toxicological safety of a brand of beverages with Astragalus, amino acid, vitamin and caffeine. Methods According to the Procedures and Methods for Toxicological Evaluation of Food Safety (GB 15193-2015), we performed acute oral toxicity test, bacterial reverse mutation test (also known as Ames test), mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test, in vitro mammalian cell chromosome aberration test and 28-day oral toxicity test. Results Acute oral toxicity test revealed that the median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of the samples was more than 20.76 g/(kg·bw), which was practically non-toxic. In the Ames test, the number of revertant bacteria in the dose groups of 8-5,000 μg/dish did not exceed the number of colonies in the untreated control group by more than 2-fold, and there was no dose-response relationship. In the micronucleus test, the erythrocyte micronucleus rate in the 2.50, 5.00 and 10.00 g/(kg·bw) dose groups was not significantly different from that in the negative control group (P>0.05). In the in vitro mammalian cell chromosome aberration assay, the cells of the 1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/mL dose groups were not significantly cytotoxic, and the rate of chromosome aberrations in the above-mentionedthreegroups was not significantly different from that of the negative control group (P>0.05). In the 28-day oral toxicity test, the body weight, food intake, food utilization rate, hematological indices, biochemical indices, organ weight, and organ/body weight ratio of female rats in the 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mL/(kg·bw) dose groups and male rats in the 5.0 and 10.0 mL/(kg·bw) dose groups did not show any significant difference compared with the solvent control group (P>0.05). Compared with the solvent control group, the terminal body weight of male rats in the 20.0 mL/(kg·bw) dose group and the caffeine control group decreased significantly, showing statistically significant differences (P=0.018, P=0.018), but the rest of the indices were not significantly abnormal. At the same time, no abnormal changes were found in the gross anatomy and pathological section examination of each group. Conclusions Under the conditions of this test, no obvious toxic side effects are observed in the beverages with Astragalus, amino acid, vitamin and caffeine.

Objective To analyze the changing trends in the mortality rates of malignant tumors among residents in Huaihua city from 2016 to 2021, to perform a prediction by using a grey model, and to provide a reference basis for formulating policies for malignant tumor prevention and control. Methods We collected the data about malignant tumor deaths of registered population in Huaihua city from 2016 to 2021. Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the trends in the mortality rates of malignant tumors, and the grey model with first order and one variable (GM(1, 1)) was employed to make a prediction. Results The crude mortality rate of malignant tumors in the entire population in Huaihua city from 2016 to 2021 was 120.76/100,000, with the standardized mortality rate being 106.60/100,000. The crude mortality rate and standardized mortality rate of malignant tumors in the males were 147.99/100,000 and 136.80/100,000 respectively, while those in the females were 91.63/100,000 and 77.37/100,000 respectively. The standardized mortality rate of malignant tumors was higher in the males than in the females. The standardized mortality rate of malignant tumors was found to be the lowest in residents aged 0-<15 years, but the highest in ones aged 65 years and above. All the standardized mortality rates of malignant tumors in the entire population, males and females from 2016 to 2021 showed an overall upward trend, with the average annual increase being about 1.36%, 1.70% and 0.86% respectively. Based on the prediction results from the GM (1,1) model, we have seen a significant upward trend in the standardized mortality rates ofmalignant tumors in the residents in Huaihua city from 2022 to 2030 compared with previous years. Conclusions The crude mortality rate and standardized mortality rate of malignant tumors among the residents in Huaihua city from 2016 to 2021 showed an overall upward trend, with the males and the middle-aged and elderly being the key groups for malignant tumor prevention and treatment. Efforts to prevent and treat malignant tumors should be enhanced to reduce the mortality rate of malignant tumors to the greatest extent.

Objective To establish a method based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for identification of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis. Methods MALDI-TOF MS was used to collect the characteristic protein fingerprints of 61 strains of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis, and a local reference database was established. A total of 52 validation strains, including 26 strains of Salmonella typhimurium, 9 strains of Salmonella enteritidis and 17 strains of other Salmonella serotypes, were identified and scored by using the database. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to evaluate the identification efficiency of the database for Salmonella serotypes cultured on different media. Results A database for serovar identification of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis was successfully established. The results of ROC curve analysis revealed that the area under the curve (AUC) for identifying strains cultured on nutrient agar (NA) plates was 0.855 (P<0.01), with the optimal cut-off value of 2.655 and the sensitivity and specificity being 82.9% and 82.4% respectively, and the AUC for identifying strains cultured on xylose lysine desoxycholate agar (XLD) plates was 0.942 (P<0.01), with the optimal cut-off value of 2.620 and the sensitivity and specificity being 85.7% and 100.0% respectively. Conclusion The established local database based on MALDI-TOF MS technology can be used for rapid serotyping and identification of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis. Prioritizing the use of XLD plates can significantly improve the specificity of identification.

Objective To analyze the comorbidity patterns of hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia, collectively referred to as the “three highs”, and their associated affecting factors among adults in Futian District, Shenzhen City, and to provide scientific evidence for developing effective co-management strategies for these chronic conditions. Methods Data were obtained from the results of the 2023 Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance in Futian District, Shenzhen City. A total of 1,087 permanent residents aged 18 years and above were selected using a multistage stratified random sampling method. Questionnaire surveys, physical examinations and laboratory tests were conducted. χ² test and multivariable ordinal logistic regression analysis were performed using R software version 4.3.2. Results In 2023, the prevalence rates of hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia among the adults in Futian District, Shenzhen City were 27.69%, 11.87% and 42.78% respectively. After standardization according to the age structure of the seventh national population census in 2020, the standardized prevalence rates were 21.20%, 9.25% and 40.10% respectively. Approximately 44.25% of residents had at least one of the three conditions, 16.01% two conditions, and 2.02% all three conditions. The most common comorbidity pattern was hypertension combined with dyslipidemia, accounting for 9.94%. Multivariable ordinal logistic regression analysis revealed that male gender (OR=1.735, 95%CI: 1.220-2.450), high salt intake (OR=1.797, 95%CI: 1.182-2.704), overweight or obesity (OR=2.292, 95%CI: 1.036-5.067), central obesity (OR=2.203, 95%CI: 1.041-4.684), and advanced age were independent predictors for an increased risk of comorbidity involving the three conditions (all P<0.05). Conclusion The comorbidity involving hypertension, diabetes anddyslipidemia was common among the adults in Futian District, Shenzhen City. Comprehensive prevention and control measures should be implemented for key target populations to reduce disease risk and adverse outcomes.

目的 分析2022年1月—2024年12月海安地区体检女性高危型人乳头瘤病毒(high-risk human papillomavirus,HR-HPV)感染的现状,为该地区女性HR-HPV感染的防控策略提供科学依据。方法 收集2022年1月—2024年12月于海安市人民医院进行体检的女性患者37 909例,描述性分析该地区HR-HPV基因型别分布、不同年龄、职业及城乡感染率、单一和多重HR-HPV感染情况。结果 2022—2024年海安市人民医院体检女性37 909例中,共检出HR-HPV阳性10 361例,占总检人数的27.33%,其中单一型感染7 639例(73.73%),多重型感染2 722例(26.27%)。13种HR-HPV分型中,检出率由高到低排名前3位依次为HPV52、HPV16、HPV58,检出率分别为7.53%、6.98%、5.90%。2022年HR-HPV感染率最高,为29.93%,2023年HR-HPV感染率最低,为25.62%。不同年龄组间HR-HPV感染率差异有统计学意义(χ²=438.319,P<0.001),以≤20岁年龄组和>60岁年龄组HR-HPV感染率最高,分别为59.44%、41.84%,且>60年龄组多重感染占阳性感染例数比最高为36.94%。不同职业的体检女性HR-HPV感染率存在差异(χ²=758.254,P<0.05),服务行业从业者的感染率最高为35.21%。农村女性(29.76%)的HR-HPV感染率高于城镇(25.67%)(χ²=77.024,P<0.05)。结论 2022—2024年海安地区体检女性HR-HPV感染率相对较高,且主要感染分型为HPV52、HPV16和HPV58。年轻女性和年长女性群体的感染率较高,HR-HPV感染以单一型感染为主,但多重型感染在老年群体中较为常见,应开展有针对性的健康教育活动,提高女性对HPV感染的认识和防范意识,同时加大HPV疫苗接种的宣传力度。

Objective To understand the willingness to receive preventive treatment and the treatment situations amonglatent tuberculosis infection (LTBI)students who are close contactsof tuberculosis patients in Pudong New Area, and to provide data support for promoting preventive treatment. Methods We selected LTBI students who were close contactsof tuberculosis patientsin middle schools, secondary vocational schools, colleges and universities in Pudong New Area from January 2023 to December 2024 to serve as the research subjects. Information about the willingness to accept preventive treatment was collected through a questionnaire survey. Binary logistic regression models were constructed with the willingness to receive preventive treatmentand whether to receive the treatmentas the dependent variables respectively, and then the relevant influencing factors were analyzed. Results The acceptance rate of preventive treatment among 222 students with LTBI was 69.4% (154/222). Psychological depression was a negative factor for accepting preventive treatment (OR=2.534, 95%CI: 1.223-5.249). The actual preventive treatment rate was 36.9% (82/222). Males (OR=0.340, 95%CI: 0.135-0.857), being involved in a clustered epidemic (OR=0.051, 95%CI: 0.019-0.140) and being in the same class as the index case (OR=0.370, 95%CI: 0.155-0.881) were promoting factors for receiving preventive treatment. The main reason for refusing preventive treatment was the concern about adverse drug reactions. Conclusions The LTBI students’ willingness to accept preventive treatment in Pudong New Area is inconsistent with their actual actions. Males,students being involvedin a clustered epidemic and LTBI students being in the same class with the pulmonary tuberculosis cases are more likely to receive preventive treatment. Schools and health departments need to actively take measures to improve the preventive treatment rate of students with LTBI in tuberculosis outbreaks in schools.

目的 2024年对北京市昌平区一起高校食源性传播的急性胃肠炎暴发疫情开展调查和处置,为今后学校类似疫情的处置和防控提供参考。 方法 采用现场流行病学调查方法,开展病例搜索,收集所有病例发病前3 d的饮食、饮水暴露信息;开展环境卫生学调查,并采用病例对照方法分析可疑危险因素。采集病例和环境样本进行胃肠炎病毒检测,并对阳性样本进行分型和鉴定。 结果 本起疫情累计报告190例病例,总罹患率为1.59%,临床表现以呕吐(76.10%)和腹泻(62.50%)为主。病例对照研究结果表明,发病前3 d内在SW档口就餐是发病的危险因素(OR=6.48,95%CI:3.71~11.34),就餐频次与发病风险存在剂量-反应关系。35份厨工和师生病例的样本检出GⅡ型诺如病毒,其中4份厨工和1份病例样本成功获得基因分型,均为GⅡ.17[P17]型且高度同源。 结论 这是一起与高校厨工感染诺如病毒相关、以食源传播为主的急性胃肠炎暴发疫情。学校应加强对食堂的管理力度,提升疫情的敏感性和应对能力,减少此类疫情的发生。

Objective To explore the dose-response relationship of body mass index (BMI) with hypertension prevalence using restricted cubic spline models, and to provide scientific evidence for developing more targeted weight management thresholds and graded intervention strategies. Methods A total of 90,144 permanent residents aged 35-75 years were selected by cluster sampling from project sites of the Early Screening and Comprehensive Intervention Program for High-Risk Populations of Cardiovascular Disease in Hubei Province. Restricted cubic spline models were employed to explore the association of BMI with hypertension and its dose-response pattern. Results Among the residents aged 35-75 years in Hubei Province, the crude and age-standardized prevalence rates of hypertension were 53.23% and 40.86% respectively, and the prevalence rates for overweight and obesity were 37.85% and 12.31% respectively. Logistic regression analysis revealed that, after adjustment for confounders, overweight (OR=1.752, 95%CI: 1.695-1.811) and obesity (OR=2.759, 95%CI: 2.610-2.916) were risk factors for hypertension. Restricted cubic spline analysis displayed a nonlinear dose-response relationship between BMI and hypertension prevalence (P for nonlinearity < 0.001). Conclusion BMI was associated with hypertension prevalence in a dose-response manner, suggesting that hypertension prevention strategies focused on weight control are increasingly warranted.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological features of rabies-exposed population in Liuyang city from 2018 to 2024, and to explore their epidemic factors so as to provide a scientific basis for developing targeted prevention and treatment measures againstrabies. Methods Data about rabies exposures were collected from all rabies exposure prevention and treatment clinics in Liuyang city in 2018-2024. Descriptive epidemiology was employed to analyze temporal distribution, exposure category, anatomical site of injury, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and animal vectors. Results The mean annual rabies exposure rate in Liuyang city in 2018-2024 was 737.61/100,000. Rabies exposures peaked annually in June-August. Males exhibited a higher exposure rate than females, with a male-to-female ratio being 1.21:1 and a statistically significant difference (χ²=50.316, P<0.001). Rabies-exposed individuals were mainly concentrated in two groups aged 0-<15 and 45-<60 years, accounting for 55.22%. Canine-mediated exposures predominated (74.6%), withthe proportion of canine-mediated exposures showinga decreasing trend over the years (χ²_trend=313.163, P<0.001) and declining from 78.5% to 71.1%. Conversely, feline-associated exposures showed an increasing trend year by year (χ²_trend=1,205.916, P<0.001). Concomitant injuries predominantly involved hands and lower limbs below the knee, totally accounting for 83.1%. Category III exposures constituted 70.4% of the cases, with an upward trend year by year (χ²_trend=1,644.225, P<0.001). PEP initiation within 24 hours reached 94.8% (n=68,886). Rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) administration for category III exposures was 89.2%, displaying a trend of an annual rise (χ²_trend=410.633, P<0.001). Conclusions Liuyang's rabies exposure rates in 2018-2024 remained moderate nationally, but PEP compliance stayed at a relatively high level nationwide. It is necessary to continue and deepen the publicity of knowledge related to rabies prevention and control, further improve RIG administration for category III exposures so as to reduce the risk of rabies infection.