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15 October 2025, Volume 32 Issue 10
    

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    Special Report:Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases
  • Mortality burdens attributable to chronic kidney disease, not otherwise specified and their trend changes in Chongqing municipality, 2012-2023
    DING Xianbin, JIAO Yan, DING Rui, MU Hao, GAO Yang, XU Jie, CHEN Ting
    Practical Preventive Medicine. 2025, 32(10): 1153-1157. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-3110.2025.10.001
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    Objective To analyze the mortality rate and mortality burdens attributable to chronic kidney disease, not otherwise specified (CKD NOS) and their trend changes in Chongqing municipality, and to provide suggestions for prevention and treatment of CKD NOS. Methods Based on the cause-of-death monitoring data from Chongqing municipality in 2012-2023, we used CKD NOS codes N18 and N19 from the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems-10th Revision as the underlying cause-of-death codes. SPSS26.0 software was used for statistical analysis of indicators like the mortality rate, standardized mortality rate, age-specific mortality rate, years of life lost (YLL) rate, and average years of life lost (AYLL). χ2 test was performed to compare the mortality rates between different genders as well as between urban and rural areas. Trend changes in the rates were represented by the average annual percentage change (AAPC). Results The mortality rate and standardized mortality rate of CKD NOS in Chongqing municipality increased from 0.59/100,000 and 0.38/100,000 in 2012 to 1.41/100,000and 0.61/100,000 in 2023 respectively, with the AAPC being 8.90% and 5.25% respectively, showing statisticallydifferences in the changing trends (P<0.05). The mortality rates of CKD NOS in 2014 and 2023 were higher in males than in females, with statistically differences (P<0.05). The mortality rate and standardized mortality rate of CKD NOS in males and females increased at an average annual rate of 8.17%, 4.84%, 10.19% and 6.37% respectively, and differences in the changing trends were all statistically significant (P<0.05). The mortality rates of CKD NOS in 2017 and after 2019 were all higher in urban areas than in rural areas, with statistically significant differences in the changing trends (P<0.05). The mortality rate and standardized mortality rate of CKD NOS increased at an average annual rate of 14.82% and 11.71% respectively, showing statistically significant differences in the changing trends (P<0.05). The mortality rates of CKD NOS increased with the increasing age. Comparison of the changing trends in the mortality rates of CKD NOS across different age groups revealed that the mortality rate of CKD NOS in the groups aged 50-, 60-, 70- and ≥ 80 years increased at an average annual rate of 8.51%, 3.87%, 7.21% and 6.75% respectively, and the differences in the changing trends were all statistically significant (P<0.05). The YLL rates of CKD NOS in 2012-2023 increased at an average annual rate of 6.90%, showing a statistically significant difference in the changing trend (t=4.506, P<0.001). The AYLL and standardized AYLL of CKD NOS in Chongqing municipality from 2012 to 2023 decreased at an average annual rate of 1.83% and 1.21% respectively, and the differences in the changing trends were both statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusions The mortality rate and YLL rate of CKD NOS in Chongqing municipality from 2012 to 2023 were lower than the national average levels, but the mortality rate, standardized mortality rate and YLL rate all showed an upward trend. It is necessary to attach importance to prevention and treatment of CKD NOS, with males and urban residents being the key populations of concern.
  • Current status and influencing factors of overweight and obesity among primary and secondary school students in Beibei district of Chongqing municipality, 2023
    CAI Linli, LIANG Ying, ZHAO Huan
    Practical Preventive Medicine. 2025, 32(10): 1158-1162. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-3110.2025.10.002
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    Objective To understand the current situation and influencing factors of overweight and obesity amongst primary and secondary school students in Beibei district of Chongqing municipality, and to provide references for formulating targeted intervention measures. Methods A stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select primary and secondary school students in Beibei district of Chongqing municipality from September to October 2023 for height and weight measurement and a questionnaire survey. χ2 test and logistic regression analysis were performed to identify the affecting factors related to overweight and obesity. Results The detection rate of overweight & obesity in the primary and secondary school students in Beibei district of Chongqing municipality in 2023 was 28.61% (802/2,803), with the overweight detection rate of 15.09% (423/2,803) and the obesity detection rate of 13.52% (379/2,803). The detection rates of overweight & obesity and obesity alone were both higher in male students (34.18%, 16.52%) than in female ones (21.54%, 9.72%), and the differences were statistically significant (χ2=54.084, χ2=27.330, P<0.05). The detection rates of overweight & obesity and obesity alone both showed a decreasing trend with the increase of school stages (χ2=7.147, χ2=6.454, P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that female students, frequency of consuming fried foods, frequency of consuming fresh fruits, daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity lasting more than 60 minutes and indoor sedentary time were the factors influencing obesity in the primary and secondary school students. Conclusions The detection rate of overweight & obesity among the primary and secondary school students in Beibei district of Chongqing municipality was relatively high. It is necessary to take comprehensive intervention measures to improve the status of overweight and obesity.
  • Current status of stroke risk levels and their major risk factors among individuals aged 40 years and above in a grade-A tertiary hospital in Hunan province
    ZHANG Ke, SHI Xiaomao, XIAO Ming, DENG Peipei, DENG Feimeng, LIU Zhuo, WANG Xiaohua, LIU Yangmei, CAO Shuyuan, OUYANG Haiyan
    Practical Preventive Medicine. 2025, 32(10): 1163-1168. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-3110.2025.10.003
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    Objective To understand the current status of stroke risk levels among individuals aged ≥ 40 years through stroke risk screenings, to analyze the prevalence of major risk factors for stroke and the distribution characteristics of general demographics so as to provide references for primary prevention and control strategies against stroke. Methods Using the convenient sampling method, individuals aged ≥ 40 years who participated in the Stroke High-Risk Population Screening and Intervention Program at the Second People’s Hospital of Hunan Province (Brain Hospital of Hunan Province) from February 2024 to December 2024 were selected as the research subjects. Relevant data were collected through questionnaire surveys, physical examinations, laboratory tests and electrocardiograms, and the Stroke Risk Score Card was used to assess the stroke risk levels. χ2 test and rank-sum test were employed to compare the differences in major risk factors for stroke across demographic characteristics. Results A total of 1,219 subjects were enrolled into this analysis, with 744 (61.03%) identified as presenting medium and high risks for stroke. Males had a higher proportion of medium and high risks (72.15%) compared with females (55.33%). The proportion of mediumand high risks showed an upward trend with the increase of age, and the retired/unemployed had a higher proportion of medium and high risks than other groups (P<0.05). The exposure rates of hypertension, diabetes, smoking, overweight or obesity and a family history of stroke were all higher in males than in females (P<0.05). With the increase of age, all the exposure rates of hypertension, diabetes and atrial fibrillation or valvular heart disease in the individuals increased, while the exposure rates of physical inactivity and a family history of stroke both decreased (P<0.05). The exposure rates of dyslipidemia, diabetes and a family history of stroke were all higher in urban individuals than in rural ones (P<0.05). This analysis revealed that the exposure rate of hypertension decreased with the improvement of education level (P<0.05), and the education level was significantly correlated with the exposure rates of dyslipidemia, diabetes and a family history of stroke (P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the exposure rates of hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, atrial fibrillation or valvular heart disease and physical inactivity among various employment statuses (P<0.05). Among the medium- and high-risk individuals for stroke, the top 3 risk factor exposure rates were dyslipidemia (76.48%), hypertension (75.54%) and overweight or obesity (64.38%). Individuals exposed to ≤ 3, 4 and 5 risk factors accounted for 52.15%, 27.82% and 15.99% respectively, and those exposed to ≥ 6 risk factors for 4.03%. Conclusions The detection rate of moderate and high risks of stroke in individuals aged ≥ 40 years was relatively high. Special attention should be paid to males, the elderly advanced and the retired or unemployed. Efforts should be intensified to implement personalized comprehensive management centered on abnormal blood lipids, hypertension and overweight/obesity so as to reduce the risk of occurrence of stroke.
  • Association between handgrip strength and asthma onset among the community-dwellingmiddle-aged and elderly: an analysis based on data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study
    KONG Lingxia, LIU Lu, LIU Wei
    Practical Preventive Medicine. 2025, 32(10): 1169-1174. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-3110.2025.10.004
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    Objective To explore the relationship of handgrip strength (HGS) with the risk of asthma onset amongstthe middle-aged and elderly. Methods Utilizing data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011-2020), this study enrolled 11,790middle-aged and elderly participants aged ≥45 years. A handgrip dynamometer was used to assess the maximum HGS. The participants were categorized into quartiles (Q1-Q4), and self-reported physician-diagnosed asthma served as the outcome variable. Cox regression analysis and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were employed to explore the relationship of HGS with asthma after adjusting for confounders like gender and age. Results A total of 14,611 case samples were initially screened from the database in this study, and 11,629 research subjects were finally included after excluding 2,982 subjects with missing relevant data. The average follow-up time was (7.57±2.50) years, and 593 subjects developed new-onset asthma, with the incidence density of 6.88 per 1,000 person-years. Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed a negative correlation between the level of HGS and the incidence rate of asthma (Ptrend=0.017). Compared with the lowest HGS quartile (Q1), the highest HGS quartile (Q4) exhibited a significantly reduced risk of asthma onset (HR=0.70, 95%CI: 0.52-0.95, P=0.021). RCS analysis indicated a significant linear negative correlation between HGS and the incidence rate of asthma (P<0.001). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that this correlation persisted in subjects without prior pulmonary diseases(Ptrend=0.002) but not in those with a history of pulmonary diseases (Ptrend=0.836), with a significant interaction effect(Pinteraction=0.049). Conclusions Stronger HGS is associated with a lower risk of asthma onset, suggesting that HGS may serve as a potential indicator for assessing the risk of asthma onset, especially in the group without a history of pulmonary diseases. The group with stronger HGS has a significantly reduced risk of asthma, providing new insights for early screening and intervention ofasthma.
  • Estimation on health-adjusted life expectancy of adults in Nanjing city, 2023
    LI Jinglei, HONG Xin
    Practical Preventive Medicine. 2025, 32(10): 1175-1179. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-3110.2025.10.005
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    Objective To estimate the health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) among adults in Nanjing city in 2023, to evaluate the population’s health status, and to provide a corresponding guiding basis. Methods Data about health status were obtained through a special survey on health-adjusted life expectancy in Nanjing city in 2023. A multistage stratified cluster random sampling method was used to collect a valid sample size of 18,406 cases in 12 districts of Nanjing city. Combined with population and mortality data in Nanjing city in 2023, HALE was calculated based on Sullivan method and the compound hierarchical ordinal probit (CHOPIT) model. Results After adjusting the self-reported health data by using the CHOPIT model, the life expectancy (LE) and HALE of residents aged 18 years and above in Nanjing city were 63.05 years and 42.39 years respectively. The expectation of lost healthy years (LHE) due to disability was 20.66 years, with LHE/LE being 32.77%. The percentage of HALE loss to LE gradually increased with the increasing age. LE was higher in females than in males across all age groups. HALE was higher in females than in males in the group aged <85 years, while HALE was higher in males than in females in the group aged ≥85 years. LHE and LHE/LE were higher in females than in males across all age groups. With advancing age, the gap in LHE between males and females diminished, while the ratio of LHE to LE correspondingly increased. Conclusions There are significant differences in HALE among different age groups and between genders in Nanjing city. It is necessary to strengthen comprehensive health management for the elderly and formulate targeted policies for populations of different genders so as to further improve HALE of the entire population.
    • Original Article
  • Correlations of dental caries with growth and development among primary and secondary school students aged 8-18 years in Sichuan province
    REN Qiaoqiao, ZHU Hongbin, ZHANG Fuyan, ZHOU Liang
    Practical Preventive Medicine. 2025, 32(10): 1180-1184. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-3110.2025.10.006
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    Objective To analyze the prevalence of dental caries among primary and secondary school students aged 8-18 years in Sichuan province, to explore the correlations of dental caries with growth and development, and to provide a more perfect theoretical basis for caries prevention in primary and secondary school students. Methods From September to November 2023, dental caries examinations, physical examinations and questionnaire surveys were conducted among primary and secondary school students aged 8-18 years in 18 cities in Sichuan province. Partial correlation analysis was used to explore the correlations of body mass index (BMI) with the total number of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT). A multifactor logistic regression model was employed to analyze the factors influencing caries prevalence. Results A total of 207,472 primary and secondary school students were surveyed, and the prevalence rate of caries was 47.20% (97,929/207,472), showing a fluctuating downward trend with the increase of age (χ2trend=122.342, P<0.001). The detection rate of malnutrition was higher in the caries group than in the caries-free group (8.60% vs. 7.08%), with a statistically significant difference (χ2=165.492, P<0.001). The mean height of students in the caries group was lower than that in the caries-free group (t=61.861, P<0.001). BMI was negatively correlated with the total number of DMFT (r=-0.08, P<0.001). Female students (OR=1.387, 95%CI: 1.363-1.412), living off campus (OR=1.058, 95%CI: 1.036-1.081), malnutrition (OR=1.197, 95%CI: 1.158-1.237), consuming fried food less than once a day (OR=1.072, 95%CI: 1.051-1.093) and consuming fried food once a day or more (OR=1.161, 95%CI: 1.112-1.212) werepositively correlated with the occurrence of caries. Junior middle school (OR=0.552, 95%CI: 0.540-0.565), senior middle school (OR=0.726, 95%CI: 0.707-0.745), overweight (OR=0.791, 95%CI: 0.771-0.812), obesity (OR=0.679, 95%CI: 0.658-0.701) and consumingfresh vegetables once a day or more (OR=0.906, 95%CI: 0.859-0.955) were negatively correlated with the occurrence of caries. Conclusions The prevalence rate of caries among the primary and middle school students aged 8-18 years in Sichuan province was relatively high. Caries affects the students’ nutritional status as well as growth and development, and effective interventions should be implemented to reduce the risk of suffering from caries.
  • Establishment of monitoring and early warning models of hand, foot and mouth disease based on moving epidemic method in Wuzhong district, Suzhou city
    HUANG Enhou, GAO Gang, ZHAO Hehe, ZHANG Wenjie, GE Ronggan
    Practical Preventive Medicine. 2025, 32(10): 1185-1189. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-3110.2025.10.007
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    Objective To establish monitoring and early warning models of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) by using moving epidemic method (MEM) in Wuzhong district of Suzhou city, to evaluate the epidemic intensity of HFMD, and to provide a scientific basis for hierarchical prevention and control. Methods The incidence data about HFMD in Wuzhong district of Suzhou city from 2015 to 2023 were collected and analyzed. The epidemic seasons of HFMD were divided into the spring-summer epidemic season from week 8 to week 35 and the autumn-winter epidemic season from week 36 to week 7 of the following year. After cross-validation, MEM models for the spring-summer and autumn-winter seasons were established respectively, and the epidemic levels of HFMD in Wuzhong district and its towns/townships from week 36 of 2023 to week 33 of 2024 were evaluated and early warned. Results The spring-summer epidemic season was modeled after excluding the data from 2016, 2020 and 2022, with the δ value setting at 2.1 and the sensitivity, specificity and Yoden index being 0.904, 0.771 and 0.675 respectively. The autumn-winter epidemic season was modeled after excluding the data from 2015/2016 and 2018/2019, with the δ value setting at 3.3 and the sensitivity, specificity and Yoden index being 0.863, 0.849 and 0.712 respectively. Both MEM models for the spring-summer and autumn-winter epidemic seasons showed good fitting effects. The autumn-winter epidemic period in 2023 lasted from week 36 to week 46, with the peak value of weekly incidence rate being 6.85/100,000, reaching a moderate-intensity epidemic. The spring-summer epidemic period in 2024 lasted from week 20 to week 29, with the peak value of weekly incidence rate being 8.88/100,000, representing a low-intensity epidemic. The epidemic intensity of HFMD varied among towns/townships in Wuzhong district, and areas with a moderate- or high-intensity epidemic showed a concentrated distribution. Conclusions MEM can be used for monitoring the epidemic of HFMD in Wuzhong district of Suzhou city, and has good effects in evaluation and early warning.
  • Epidemic characteristics and trends of infectious diseases in schools in Wanzhou district of Chongqing municipality, 2014-2023
    LI Jia, LI Ruiheng, PENG Rongrong, REN Yuhua
    Practical Preventive Medicine. 2025, 32(10): 1190-1194. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-3110.2025.10.008
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    Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics of infectious diseases in schools in Wanzhou district of Chongqing municipality from 2014 to 2023, and to provide a basis for formulating effective prevention and control measures. Methods We collated and analyzed the incidence data of infectious diseases in schools in Wanzhou district of Chongqing municipality from 2014 to 2023. Joinpoint software was used to analyze the changing trends of the incidence rates. Results The average annual incidence rate of infectious diseases in schools in Wanzhou district of Chongqing municipality from 2014 to 2023 was 1,329.32/100,000. Respiratory infectious diseases accounted for the largest proportion (73.61%), and the main affected groups were nursery children and primary school students (74.62%). The incidence was higher in urban schools than in rural ones (χ2=791.546, P<0.001). Influenza, hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), varicella, other infectious diarrhea, mumps and pulmonary tuberculosis were highly prevalent (accounting for 98.43%). The top 5 infectious diseases varied among different school stages. The incidence rates of infectious diseases in schools showed an upward trend (AAPC=22.031%, P=0.047), and the trend in the incidence of Class C infectious diseases was consistent with the overall trend of infectious diseases (AAPC=27.077%, P=0.046). Influenza (AAPC=91.968%, P<0.001) and other infectious diarrhea (AAPC=23.461%, P<0.001) were the main infectious diseases that had contributed to the upward trend of infectious diseases in schools. The incidence rates of varicella (AAPC=-5.070%, P=0.037) and mumps (AAPC=-22.475%, P<0.001) showed downward trends, but there were no statistically significant differences in the trend changes of HFMD (AAPC=-4.071%, P=0.443) and pulmonary tuberculosis (AAPC=-11.614%, P=0.076). Conclusions The incidence of infectious diseases in schools in Wanzhou district of Chongqing municipality was high. Targeted prevention and control strategies should be formulated based on key infectious diseases combined with the characteristics of different school stages.
  • Epidemic characteristics of typhus fever in Yingshan county, Hubei province, 2014-2023
    WANG Fen, CAO Rui, YU Linsheng, XU Jun, HAN Fengqing, CHEN Yu, HUANG Xinsheng
    Practical Preventive Medicine. 2025, 32(10): 1195-1198. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-3110.2025.10.009
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    Objective To analyze the epidemic features of typhus fever in Yingshan county, Hubei province from 2014 to 2023, and to provide a reference basis for prevention and control of typhus fever in this county. Methods We investigated the distribution of typhus fever in terms of time, area and population in Yingshan county and the current status of diagnosis through statistical analyses of demographic and epidemiological information on the status of incidence and seeking medical treatment of typhus fever in Yingshan county, Hubei province during 2014-2023. Results A total of 638 cases of typhus fever were reported in Yingshan county, Hubei province from 2014 to 2023, and no deaths were reported. The number of reported cases showed an overall upward trend over the past decade, with the average annual incidence rate of 20.18/100,000. The reported cases were mainly concentrated in April-November (98.12%, 626/638), with April-May and September-November being the epidemic seasons for typhus fever in Yingshan county. All of the 11 townships in Yingshan county reported cases. The average annual incidence rate was found to be the highest in Taojiahe township (46.24/100,000), followed by Caopandi town (43.44/100,000) and Yangliuwan town (42.90/100,000). The results of the space-time scan indicated that there were secondary clustering areas for typhus fever cases reported in Yingshan county from 2014 to 2023, involving a total of 4 townships. The incidence rate was higher in females than in males (χ2=78.520, P<0.001). The incidence rate was found to be the highest in the group aged 50-＜60 years (388.42/100,000). As for occupational distribution,the proportion of farmers was the highest (93.57%, 597/638). The median time from onsetto diagnosis of reported cases was 5 days, and the proportion of confirmed cases was low (8.46%, 54/638). The cases were mainly reported by comprehensive hospitals in Yingshan county. Conclusions Cases of typhus fever in Yingshan county, Hubei province are widely distributed, with some seasonality and occurring predominantly among farmers. Typhus fever is highly prevalent among females as well as the middle-aged and elderly. It is necessary to strengthen monitoring, prevention and control in the key areas and carry out publicity and education among key populations.
  • Association between nutritional literacy and unhealthy dietary behaviors among school-aged children
    HUANG Yun, LIU Yanhong, HUANG Li, LI Yanrou, WU Mingze
    Practical Preventive Medicine. 2025, 32(10): 1199-1204. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-3110.2025.10.010
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    Objective To understand the association between nutritional literacy and unhealthy dietary behaviors in school-aged children, and to provide references for developing healthy dietary habits in this group. Methods Employing a multi-stage cluster sampling method, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 2,293 grades four to six students and their parents in Baoan district, Shenzhen city in December 2022. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore the association of nutritional literacy with unhealthy dietary behaviors among the school-aged children. Results The average score of total nutritional literacy in the school-aged children in Baoan district, Shenzhen city was (68.87±8.54). The reporting rate of unhealthy dietary behaviors among the school-aged children in the past 7 days was 62.10%, the reporting rate of comprehensive unhealthy dietary behaviors in the school-aged children was 27.87%, and these behaviors were mainly manifested as consuming milk and dairy products less than once a day (35.41%), consuming fruits less than once a day (23.72%) and skipping breakfast sometimes (17.44%). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed thatnutritional literacy aboutcognition (OR=0.510, 95%CI: 0.418-0.622), nutritional literacy about skills (OR=0.418, 95%CI: 0.308-0.566) and total nutritional literacy level (OR=0.420, 95%CI: 0.312-0.564) were negatively correlated with unhealthy dietary behaviors in the school-aged children (P<0.05). Conclusions The school-aged children’s nutritional literacy is closely related to their unhealthy dietary behaviors. Good dietary behaviors among the school-age children can be cultivated by comprehensively improving their nutritional literacy.
  • Epidemic characteristics of public health emergencies of varicella in Hebei province, 2016-2020
    WANG Lijun, QU Suge, GAO Wei, XIE Yun, KONG Fanxu, SHI Jian
    Practical Preventive Medicine. 2025, 32(10): 1205-1208. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-3110.2025.10.011
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    Objective To analyze the epidemiological features of public health emergencies related to varicella in Hebei province from 2016 to 2020, and to provide a reference basis for varicella surveillance. Methods We collected and analyzed the data about public health emergencies related to varicella reported by the Public Health Emergency Management Information System in Hebei province from 2016 to 2020. Results A total of 77 public health emergencies of varicella were reported in Hebei province from 2016 to 2020, with 2,631 cases and an attack rate of 2.53%. The number of cases showed a bimodal distribution, occurring in April-June and October-December. The reported public health emergencies of varicella all occurred in schools, mainly in primary schools (accounting for 87.01%). The duration of public health emergencies related to varicella was positively correlated with the number of cases (r=0.663, P<0.001). With the increase of school grades, the attack rates showed a decreasing trend (χ2trend=146.925, P<0.001). Conclusions The public health emergencies of varicella in Hebei province from 2016 to 2020 were mainly distributed in primary schools, and pupils were the key population for prevention and control. The incidence presented a bimodal distribution. The results suggest that the sensitivity of varicella event monitoring in schools should be strengthened and the coverage rate of varicella vaccine should be improved.
  • Awareness of and willingness to human papillomavirus vaccination among parents of female students from grade 7 in Yinzhou district, Ningbo city under the quota funding subsidy policy
    ZHANG Zebo, LI Hui, YU Zilian, TANG Yuqing, TONG Qiuya, CHEN Yahui
    Practical Preventive Medicine. 2025, 32(10): 1209-1213. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-3110.2025.10.012
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    Objective To understand the awareness and vaccination willingness of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines amongst parents of female students from grade 7 under the quota funding subsidy policy, and to provide a basis for formulating HPV vaccination strategies for eligible female students. Methods In February 2023, a stratified cluster sampling method was used to randomly select 22 middle schools in Yinzhou district of Ningbo city according to the proportion of urban and rural middle schools. Based on the school scale, fathers or mothers of grade 7 female students from 3-6 classes were selected as the surveyed subjects through a random cluster sampling. After the class teachers explained the subsidy policy offline, a self-filled questionnaire survey was conducted to collect the surveyed subjects’ general information, awareness of knowledge related to HPV and HPV vaccines and willingness to vaccinate their daughters against HPV. The factors influencing their willingness to vaccinate their daughters against HPV were analyzed. Results A total of 2,428 questionnaires were collected, among which 2,334 (96.1%) questionnaires were valid. Among the respondents, 2,230 (95.5%) were mothers and 1,825 (78.2%) were from urban families. Under the quota funding subsidy policy, 90.5% of the parents were willing to have their daughters vaccinated against HPV as early as possible, and 52.7% of the parents chose to have their daughters vaccinated with an imported 9-valent HPV vaccine as early as possible. The main reason for willingness to vaccinate their daughters against HPV was the belief that HPV vaccines could effectively prevent cervical cancer (69.3%), while the main reason for parental unwillingness was that they thought their children were too young and vaccination was unnecessary (53.8%). The results of multivariate analysis displayed that factors influencing parental willingness to vaccinate their daughters against HPV as early as possible included fear of suffering from diseases like cervical cancer (OR=1.908, 95%CI: 1.404-2.593), knowing the optimal ages for vaccination (OR=6.158, 95%CI: 4.472-8.480) and knowing that the younger the vaccination age, the higher the benefits (OR=2.049, 95%CI: 1.454-2.889). Conclusions Under the quota funding subsidy policy, the parents have a high willingness to vaccinate their daughters against HPV, but there are misunderstandings about knowledge like the optimal ages for HPV vaccination. It is necessary to strengthen health education so as to improve the HPV vaccination rate among the target population.
  • Surveillance and analysis on the receipt rate of human papillomavirus vaccine and its adverse reactions in Lu’an city, 2019-2023
    SHAO Ling, QIN Wei, ZHANG Tingting, ZHANG Xiaqing, CHEN Yafei, WANG Yao, PAN Fan, ZHANG Huan, WU Xuezhong
    Practical Preventive Medicine. 2025, 32(10): 1214-1218. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-3110.2025.10.013
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    Objective To analyze the receipt rate of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine and the incidence rate of adverse reactions among age-eligible females in Lu’an city. Methods We collected vaccination data and adverse reaction information about 2-, 4- and 9-valent HPV vaccines (HPV2, HPV4 and HPV9) administered to females aged 9-45 years in Lu’an city from 2019 to 2023 through the Information Management System for Immunization Program in Anhui province and the National Immunization Program Information Management System for Surveillance on Adverse Events Following Immunization. Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the receipt rate of HPV vaccine and the incidence rate of adverse reactions. Results A total of 349,655 doses of HPV vaccines were administered in Lu’an city from 2019 to 2023, with the average annual growth rate of 122.06%. The full-course receipt rates for HPV2, HPV4 and HPV9 were found to be the highest in the age groups of 35-39, 30-34 and 20-24 years respectively. As of December 2023, the full-course receipt rates in age-eligible females and girls aged 9-14 years were 11.02% and 0.25% respectively. The reported incidence rate of adverse reactions to HPV vaccineswas 5.72/100,000 doses (20 cases). Conclusions The number of HPV vaccine doses administered and the receipt rate in age-eligible females in Lu’an city have continued to increase, but the receipt rate remains at a relatively low level, with the lowest receipt rate in females aged 9-14 years. The incidence rate of adverse reactions is low, and no serious adverse reactions have been observed.
  • Detection status of elevated blood pressure and its influencing factors among primary and secondary school students in Bengbu city, Anhui province, 2021-2023
    SUN Lingli, ZHANG Di, LI Yang, ZHU Fei, WANG Caihong
    Practical Preventive Medicine. 2025, 32(10): 1219-1222. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-3110.2025.10.014
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    Objective To analyze the detection status of elevated blood pressure among primary and secondary school students in Bengbu city, Anhui province from 2021 to 2023, and to explore its influencing factors. Methods From 2021 to 2023, 3,340, 11,178 and 10,732 primary and secondary school students were separately selected as the research subjects from the data about the Monitoring and Intervention Project on Common Diseases and Health Influencing Factors among Students in Bengbu city. χ2 test was used to compare the differences in the detection rates of elevated blood pressure among various factors, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to identify the factors influencing elevated blood pressure among the primary and secondary school students. Results The detection rate of elevated blood pressure among the primary and secondary school students in Bengbu city in 2021-2023 was 20.51%, and the detection rate of male students was higher than that of females ones (21.24% vs. 19.72%, χ2=8.896, P=0.003). The detection rate of elevated blood pressure was higher in pupils and junior middle school students than in senior middle school students (21.38% vs. 19.18%, 20.56% vs. 19.18%, χ2=11.710, P=0.003). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that overweight (OR=1.422, 95%CI: 1.312-1.541) and obesity (OR=2.256, 95%CI: 2.090-2.435), occasional exercise during holidays (OR=1.140, 95%CI: 1.071-1.213), suburban students (OR=1.414, 95%CI: 1.329-1.504), living off campus (OR=1.106, 95%CI: 1.013-1.209) and skipping breakfast in the past week (OR=1.266, 95%CI: 1.037-1.546) were related factors affecting elevated blood pressure in the primary and secondary school students. Conclusions The detection rate of elevated blood pressure in the primary and secondary school students in Bengbu city is relatively high. Relevant departments should formulate and implement targeted prevention and intervention measures so as to ensure the physical and mental health of children and adolescents.
  • Major injury death patterns and their spatial autocorrelation among permanent residents in Jingzhou city, 2023
    YAN Jie, HONG Jie, SUN Chun, XIAO Yao
    Practical Preventive Medicine. 2025, 32(10): 1223-1227. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-3110.2025.10.015
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    Objective To analyze the patterns and spatial distribution characteristics of major injury deaths among permanent residents in Jingzhou city in 2023, and to provide data support for effective implementation of injury intervention in Jingzhou city. Methods Data about injury deaths among permanent residents in Jingzhou city in 2023 were extracted from the death information registration management system. The death data were collated with Excel 2010, and the death rate and constituent ratio were calculated. Data from the Seventh National Population Census released in 2020 were used to standardize the injury death rate. ArcGIS10.8 software was employed to conduct spatial autocorrelation analysis on the major injury death patterns among permanent residents in Jingzhou city in 2023. Results There were 5,437 injury deaths among permanent residents in Jingzhou city in 2023, with the crude injury death rate of 105.88/100,000 and the standardized injury death rate of 84.03/100,000. The top 5 injury death patterns were accidental falls, suicide, motor vehicle traffic accidents, drowning, and other non-accidental incidents and adverse effects, with 1,688, 1,585, 980, 469 and 367 deaths respectively. These top 5 injury death patterns accounted for 93.60% of all injury deaths. The crude injury death rate was higher in males than in females (χ2=17.939, P<0.001), but lower inurban areas than in rural ones (χ2=366.197, P<0.001). The injury death rates from drowning, suicide, motor vehicle traffic accidents and accidental falls were found to be the highest in the groups aged 0-19, 20-34, 35-64 years, and 65 years and above respectively, with the death rate being 5.41/100,000, 6.37/100,000, 17.70/100,000 and 152.63/100,000 respectively. Deaths caused by accidental falls, suicide, motor vehicle traffic accidents and drowning among permanent residents in Jingzhou city in 2023 all showed a certain degree of spatial aggregation. The global Moran’s I index for accidental falls was 0.160 (Z=2.396, P=0.017), for suicide 0.306 (Z=4.441, P<0.001), for motor vehicle traffic accidents 0.198 (Z=2.878, P=0.004), and for drowning 0.364 (Z=5.050, P<0.001). Local spatial autocorrelation analysis displayed that the high-high aggregation areas were mainly distributed in the rural areas of Jingzhou city, while the low-low aggregation areas in the central urban areas of Jingzhou city. Conclusions The major injury death patterns in Jingzhou city in 2023 were accidental falls, suicide, motor vehicle traffic accidents and drowning. These major injury death patterns show differences in genders, urban-rural areas and ages, as well as spatial aggregation.
  • Investigation and disposal of the first imported case of chikungunya fever in Yongkang city, Zhejiang province
    BAO Weiwei, FANGWU Yuqian, SHI Yongyue, HU Yupan
    Practical Preventive Medicine. 2025, 32(10): 1228-1231. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-3110.2025.10.016
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    Objective To analyze the discovery, diagnosis and treatment process of an imported case of chikungunya fever in Yongkang city, to evaluate the effectiveness of control measures based on the number of new occurred cases and changes in mosquito vector density, and to provide experiences for prevention and control of similar epidemics in future. Methods Blood samples were collected from a suspected case of chikungunya fever with a travel history to Indonesia, and nucleic acid testing was performed using real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR. Epidemiological investigations and emergency monitoring and disposal of Aedes mosquito vectors were conducted. Results The case had tested positive for chikungunya virus nucleic acid, presenting only symptoms such as fever and sore throat. The case had a travel history to Indonesia before the onset of illness, and was confirmed as an imported case from Indonesia. After symptomatic supportive treatment, the patient had recovered from the disease and was discharged from the hospital. Through the implementation of prevention and control measures such as mosquito-proof isolation and treatment of the case, adult mosquito eradication and cleaning of mosquito breeding grounds, the density of mosquito vectors in the core sites of the epidemic areas gradually decreased, and no second-generation cases occurred during the longest incubation period. Conclusions This case was the first imported case of chikungunya fever in Yongkang city. Through timely detection, decisive investigation and disposal, and effective implementation of key control measures like adult mosquito eradication and cleaning of mosquito breeding grounds, the density of mosquito vectors is effectively reduced and the epidemic is rapidly controlled.
    • Experimental Study and Health Laboratory Technology
  • Determination of trace mercury in edible oils and fats by direct mercury analyzer and interference analysis
    LI Yi, CHEN Dongyang, ZENG Dong, LI Bangrui, LU Bing, WU Bizhen, LI Xin, LU Lan
    Practical Preventive Medicine. 2025, 32(10): 1264-1268. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-3110.2025.10.025
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    Objective To establish a sensitive, simple and stronger anti-interference direct determination method suitable for the detection of trace mercury in edible oils and fats. Methods Edible oil and fat samples were directly weighed into sample boats with neutral alumina added as an adsorbent for edible oils and fats, and determined by a direct mercury analyzer. The types of adsorbents and the ratio of adsorbents to sample weight were systematically investigated, and the possible sources of interference were discussed. Results Neutral alumina showed the best ability for interference elimination, and the optimal ratio of neutral alumina to edible oils and fats was 2∶1. The mercury content exhibited good quadratic relationships in the ranges of 0-20 ng and 20-600 ng, with the coefficients of determination (R2) both greater than 0.999. Based on a sample size of 0.10 g, the method detection limit, limit of quantification, relative standard deviations and recoveries were 0.13 ng/g, 0.43 ng/g, 4.7%-15.6% and 81.0%-117% respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between this method and atomic fluorescence spectrometry (P>0.05). Conclusions This method is simple to operate, highly sensitive, accurate and has strong anti-interference ability, making it suitable for the determination of trace mercury in edible oils and fats.
    • Review
  • Development status and strategies of health and wellness services from a health perspective
    ZHANG Linxin, WANG Chun’e, DING Lisha, PENG Minlan, PENG Wei, CHEN Jianwei, XUN Han, ZHOU Chunliang, PENG Yewei
    Practical Preventive Medicine. 2025, 32(10): 1277-1281. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-3110.2025.10.028
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    Based on the continuous advancement of construction of a Healthy China, the society consensus of health concepts and the fact that China has entered an aging society, the Communist Party of China and the Chinese government both attach great importance to the health and wellness industry. Health and wellness services have received policy support in aspects such as health maintenance, old-age care and medical nursing, entering a stage of rapid development. At present, China’s health and wellness industry mainly targets the elderly and other people who pursue health and wellness, and has established a variety of health and wellness service models based on medical resources, natural resources, characteristic culture, and distinctive services. Health and wellness care is an effective approach to advancing the construction of a healthy China as well as an inevitable choice to realize the healthy aging. However, it also has many problems such as unclear concepts, incomplete planning, large talent gaps and low-quality service. The development process and current status of the industry are analyzed from the health perspective, and its main types and characteristics are summarized. Our country’s health and wellness services should improve policy guarantees as soon as possible, coordinate development plans, strengthen scientific researches, cultivate professional talents and promote the service quality.
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