Objective To evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of a quadrivalent influenza virus split vaccine among population aged ≥ 3 years. Methods A total of 2,700 subjects were enrolled in this randomized, blinded, positive-controlled, non-inferiority trial, and randomly assigned to the trial group or the control group at a ratio of 2:1. The immunogenicity at 28 days after vaccination was evaluated by using indicators like geometric mean titers (GMTs), seroconversion (SC) rates and seroprotection (SP) rates of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies against different influenza viruses. We collected the adverse events within 28 days after vaccination and serious adverse events within 6 months, and evaluated the safety of the vaccine. Results Among the population aged ≥ 3 years after vaccination, the antibody GMTs against H1N1, H3N2, B/Yamagata and B/Victoria in the trial group were 382.68, 463.22, 209.27 and 133.79 respectively, with the GMT ratios (95%CI) being 0.98 (0.90-1.07), 1.30 (1.18-1.42), 1.26 (1.16-1.35) and 1.16 (1.08-1.24) respectively. The SC rates were 81.11%, 92.23%,83.72% and 88.49% respectively, and the differences (95%CI) in the SC rates were 4.48% (1.20%-7.87%), 4.42% (2.02%-7.02%), 8.33% (5.07%-11.71%) and 5.64% (2.82%-8.62%) respectively. The SP rates were 96.65%, 97.79%, 94.67% and 92.23% respectively. All study hypotheses about immunogenicity were achieved. The incidence rates of adverse reactions after vaccination in the trial group and the control group were 15.75% and 16.48% respectively (P=0.656), the incidence rates of solicited systemic adverse reactions after vaccination were 3.51% and 3.45% respectively (P=1.000), and the incidence rates of solicited local adverse reactions after vaccination were 12.63% and 13.36% respectively (P=0.626). No vaccine-related serious adverse events occurred. Conclusion The immunogenicity of one dose of the trial vaccine is non-inferior to that of the control vaccine, and the vaccine also shows good safety after vaccination.

Objective To investigate the willingness to accept influenza vaccination and its affecting factors among medical staff in parts of Anhui Province, and to provide a scientific basis for improving their willingness to be vaccinated against influenza. Methods From June to July 2022, we selected medical staff from medical institutions in Xuancheng City, Fuyang City and Bozhou City, Anhui Province to participate in an online questionnaire survey. The survey contents included the respondents’ general demographic characteristics, influenza vaccination history, influenza disease history, influenza-related knowledge and literacy, and vaccination willingness. SPSS 26.0 was used for statistical analysis to explore the factors influencing vaccination willingness. Results Among 1,710 subjects surveyed, 64.9% (1,109/1,710) were willing to receive influenza vaccine. Medical staff in medical institutions that supported/encouraged influenza vaccination had a higher willingness to be vaccinated compared with those whose medical institutions did not support/encourage the vaccination (OR=3.118, 95%CI: 2.266-4.109). Medical staff with higher scores in influenza vaccination-related knowledge and literacy also had a higher willingness to be vaccinated (OR=1.172, 95%CI: 1.098-1.251). The important subjective reasons for unwillingness to receive influenza vaccine in all medicalstaff were as follows: mild symptoms and no need for vaccination (49.3%), busy with work and having no time (47.2%), worrying about unsafety of the vaccine (45.5%), and vaccination cost being much higher than medication and low cost-effectiveness (44.1%). Conclusion The willingness of the medical staff to receive influenza vaccine in parts of Anhui Province is relatively low. The key factors affecting the willingness of the medical staff to receive influenza vaccine are whether medical institutions support/encourage their medical staff to get vaccinated and influenza-related knowledge and literacy of the medical staff.

Objective To evaluate the safety of recombinant novel coronavirus protein vaccine (CHO cells) after vaccination. Methods Starting from March 2022, eligible individuals aged 18 years and above in Hunan Province were recruited as the research subjects. A total of 51,344 subjects were included in this study. After receiving 1-3 doses of recombinant novel coronavirus protein vaccine (CHO cells) as well as booster shots, passive observation was conducted throughout the whole process, and active observation was carried out to collect adverse events occurring within the first 7 days and at the 30th day after each vaccination, and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after receiving the last dose of the series. The incidence rate of adverse reactions was analyzed. Results The total incidence rate of adverse events after receiving a recombinant novel coronavirus protein vaccine (CHO cells) was 9.39% (4,823/51,344), and the incidence rate of study-related adverse reactions was 8.81% (4,525/51,344). The incidence rate of adverse reactions was higher in females than in males (χ²=233.649, P<0.05), and lower in the group aged over 51 years than in the group aged under 50 years (χ²=63.958, P<0.05). The incidence rate of solicited adverse reactions was 8.54%, with the incidence rates of local and systemic adverse reactions being 7.43% and 1.11% respectively. The incidence rate of unsolicited adverse reactions was 0.27%. Adverse reactions were mainly local reactions, including pain, swelling and itching. Systemic adverse reactions were mainly fatigue/weakness, headache and myalgia. Unsolicited adverse reactions were mainly dizziness. The severity of adverse reactions was mainly levels I and II. Level III adverse reactions were mainly pain (n=18) and fever (n=12). There were no vaccine-related serious adverse events or adverse events of special interest. Conclusion The recombinant novel coronavirus protein vaccine (CHO cells) shows good safety after vaccination.

Objective To explore the distribution of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) in Chengdu City from 2014 to 2023, and to evaluate the safety profile of vaccines in practical application. Methods We collected the information about AEFI cases and the number of doses of vaccination in Chengdu through the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention and Sichuan Immunization Program Information Management System, and then descriptively analyzed the occurrence characteristics and reported incidence rate of AEFI. Results A total of 57,933 AEFI cases were reported in Chengdu City from 2014 to 2023, with the overall reported incidence rate of 79.57/100,000. In the classification of AEFI cases, 53,188 (91.81%) cases were general reactions, 3,484 (6.01%) cases were abnormal reactions, and 1,176 (2.03%) cases were coincidental cases. A total of 43 types of vaccines were involved (statistical analysis based on the first suspected vaccine). The top three vaccines in terms of reported cases were diphtheria, tetanus and acellular pertussis combined vaccine (DTaP), 13-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (PPCV13), and diphtheria, tetanus and acellular pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate combined vaccine (DTaP-Hib). In terms of the reported incidence rate, herpes zoster vaccine (HZV) ranked first (821.37/100,000), followed by DTaP-Hib (401.68/100,000) and PPCV13 (302.02/100,000). Conclusion AEFI surveillance system in Chengdu City runs well, with high sensitivity of the surveillance. In terms of AEFI classification, general reactions are predominant, and the reported incidence rate of abnormal reactions is extremely low, indicating good safety of the vaccines.

Objective To analyze the incidence, spatio-temporal distribution characteristics and changing trends of scarlet fever in China from 2010 to 2023, and to provide a reference basis for formulating prevention and control strategies. Methods Data about the national reported incidence of scarlet fever from 2010 to 2023 were collected from the National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting Information System. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the epidemic characteristics of scarlet fever cases, and a Joinpoint regression model was constructed to analyze the long-term changing trends in the reported incidence rates. Results A total of 675,000 cases of scarlet fever were reported nationwide from 2010 to 2023, with the average incidence rate of 3.51/100,000. The incidence rates showed an overall upward trend in 2010-2018, but a downward trend in 2019-2023, with differences in the epidemic trends among provinces. Scarlet fever cases annually reported were mainly nursery children, followed by students and scattered children, with the combined proportions of these three groups fluctuating between 97.60% and 99.34%. The incidence rate in each year was found to be the highest in children aged 3-6 years. During the period of 2010-2019, there were two incidence peaks in each year, one from April to June and the other from November to January of the nextyear. From 2020 to the first half of 2023, the seasonalpeak disappeared, and a winter peak reappeared in the second half of 2023. In terms of regional distribution, the incidence rates were relatively high in northern provinces, and gradually increased in some southern provinces. Conclusion The national epidemic of scarlet fever during 2010-2019 showed a fluctuating upwardtrend,and the incidence rates decreased significantly nationwide during 2020-2023, especially in northern provinces. Northern provinces were high-incidence provinces for the epidemic. There were two distinct peaks in summer and winter.Nursery children, students and scattered children were high-risk groups, and children under 15 years old, especially those aged 3-9 years, were high-risk age groups. Epidemic prevention and control work should be strengthened for high-risk groups in nurseries and schools in high-incidence provinces.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of H-type hypertension and its relation to the clustering of abnormal health indicators among high-risk stroke residents aged 60 years and above in communities, and to provide a reference basis for community health service centers to more effcetively carry out health management for the elderly at high risk of stroke. Methods We selected 7,768 residents aged 60 years and above, who voluntarily participated in health check-ups and were identified as high-risk population for stroke at Zhujing Community Health Service Center in Jinshan District, Shanghai Municipality from 2023 to 2024, and whose check-up data were complete and valid, and then used descriptive methods to analyze the prevalence of H-type hypertension among the elderly residents. A multivariate logistic regression model was employed to analyze the related factors influencing the prevalence of H-type hypertension among the community-dwelling residents aged 60 years and above, and their relationships with the clustering of abnormal health indicators. Results The prevalence rate of H-type hypertension in high-risk stroke residents aged 60 years and above was 58.11%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that factors influencing H-type hypertension in the high-risk stroke residents aged 60 years and above were the group aged 60- years (OR=0.532, 95%CI: 0.432-0.654), the group aged 70- years (OR=0.759, 95%CI: 0.617-0.934), having no alcohol consumption (OR=0.782,95%CI: 0.672-0.909), normal blood creatinine (CREA) (OR=0.792, 95%CI: 0.683-0.917) and without overweight/obesity (OR=0.748, 95%CI: 0.673-0.831). With the increase in the abnormal types of combined health indicators, the detection rates of H-type hypertension in the high-risk stroke elderly with different characteristics showed significant upward trends (χ²_trend=8.191-159.826, P<0.05). The fewer the aggregation of abnormal health indicators, the lower the risk of developing H-type hypertension. Conclusion The prevalence rate of H-type hypertension in community-dwelling residents aged 60 years and above is lower than the national level, and advanced age, alcohol consumption, elevated blood CREA and overweight/obesity are the main influencing factors. The clustering of abnormal health indicators can increase the risk of developing H-type hypertension.

Objective To explore the impacts of six atmospheric pollutants including PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂, CO and O₃ on the volume of hospitalizations for respiratory diseases in five hospitals in Hengyang City from 2019 to 2022. Methods We collected the monitoring data about six air pollutants like PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂, CO and O₃, meteorological data, and individual hospitalization records from the five hospitals in Hengyang City from 2019 to 2022. The Spearman method was utilized to analyze the correlations of the six pollutants with the volume of hospitalizations for respiratory diseases. A generalized additive model was applied to analyzing the impacts of the atmospheric pollutants on the volume of hospitalizations for respiratory diseases in populations. Results From 2019 to 2022, there were statistically significant differences in the daily volume of hospitalizations for respiratory diseases among the Fourth People’s Hospital of Hengyang City, the Fifth People’s Hospital of Hengyang City, the First People’s Hospital of Hengyang City, Hengyang Municipal Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital and the Central Hospital of Hengyang City (P<0.05). During the period of 2019-2022, the volume of hospitalizations for respiratory diseases in 2019 was found to be the highest in the First People’s Hospital of Hengyang City, Hengyang Municipal Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital and the Central Hospital of Hengyang City. From 2019 to 2022, the concentrations of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂, CO and O₃ in Hengyang City showed statistically significant differences (P<0.05). From 2019 to 2022, the volume of hospitalizations for respiratory diseases in three tertiary Class-A hospitals, namely, the First People’s Hospital of Hengyang City, the Central Hospital of Hengyang City and Hengyang Municipal Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, was positively correlated with the concentrations of four pollutants like PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂ and CO (P<0.05). O₃ lagged in 2 days and SO₂ lagged in 1 day and 2 days had significant lag effects on the volume of hospitalization for respiratory diseases, with the excess risk values being 0.60(0.06, 1.14), 5.49(1.36, 9.78) and 7.06(1.36, 13.07) respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion Exposure to atmospheric pollutants like O₃ and SO₂ in Hengyang City in 2019-2022 might be associated with an increase in the volume of hospitalizations for respiratory diseases, and the impact had a lag effect.

Objective To analyze the long-term epidemic features of measles, mumps and rubella in Huai’an City, Jiangsu Province after the expansion of the immunization program in 2008, and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of local infectious diseases. Methods The reported data about measles, mumps and rubella cases in Huai’an City during 2008-2023 were described and analyzed through the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. The annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC) based on a Joinpoint regression model were used to analyze the trend changes in the incidence rates. Results A total of 569 cases of measles, 7,821 cases of mumps, and 463 cases of rubella were reported in Huai’an City from 2008 to 2023, with the average annual incidence rates being 0.71/100,000, 10.05/100,000 and 0.57/100,000 respectively. The time trend of mumps showed a turning point in 2012. From 2008 to 2012, the APC was 75.05%, without statistically significant difference in the increasing trend. From 2012 to 2023, the APC was -20.11%, and the decreasing trend was statistically significant (P=0.005). The incidence of measles and rubella showed an overall increasing and decreasing trend respectively, with the APC=AAPC being 2.81% and -8.26% respectively, showing no statistically significant difference. Seasonal indices indicated that the incidence peaks of measles, mumps and rubella were in February-May, April-July and March-June respectively. The male cases reported outnumbered the female, and students, nursery children and scattered children were the main high-incidence groups. Conclusion From 2008 to 2023, the incidence of measles, mumpsand rubella in Huai’an City fluctuated in different years. Vaccination strategy should continue to be implemented in future.Moreover, schools and kindergartens should be regarded as key prevention and control venues, and comprehensive prevention and control measures should be taken to effectively control the epidemic of measles, mumps and rubella.

Objective To analyze the epidemic features of public health emergencies reported in Haidian District, Beijing from 2004 to 2023, and to provide a reference basis for prevention and control of public health emergencies. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to sort out and statistically analyze the data about public health emergencies reported in Haidian District, Beijing from 2004 to 2023. Results A total of 629 public health emergencies were reported in Haidian District, Beijing City from 2004 to 2023, with 3,590 cumulative reported cases, 29 deaths, the average attack rate being 3.08%, and the case fatality rate being 0.81%. These emergencies were mainly infectious disease events, sudden poisoning events and environmental factor events. There were 551 unclassified events, 73 general events, and 5 larger-scale events. The overall number of public health emergencies in Haidian District showed a steady downward trend year by year, with statistically significant differences in the incidence rates among different years (P<0.001). Among the 30 public health emergencies reported in schools, 24 were infectious disease events, with 1,476 reported cases. There were 460 reported cases of non-occupational carbon monoxide poisoning (accounting for 73.13%), and the peak reporting period in each year was from November to March of the following year. A total of 95 infectious disease events were reported, involving 1,749 cases (accounting for 48.72%). The overall differences in the incidence rates and case fatality rates of different types of public health emergencies were statistically significant (P<0.001). Conclusion The public health emergencies reported in Haidian District, Beijing City from 2004 to 2023 were mainly non-occupational carbon monoxide poisoning and infectious diseases. It is necessary to strengthen publicity, education, monitoring and early warning in light of the prevention and control priorities of different types of public health emergencies, improve the detection and control of pathogens in sporadic cases, and enhance the timeliness of reporting of infectious diseases so as to cut off the transmission routes as soon as possible, protect susceptible populations, and effectively control the spread of the epidemic.

Objective To study the status of adherence to four kinds of healthy lifestyles, related influencing factors and health benefits among residents aged 35-75 years in Chongqing Municipality. Methods Using a multistage cluster sampling method, seven districts and counties in Chongqing Municipality were randomly selected. The status of adherence to four kinds of healthy lifestyles like non-smoking, non-drinking or moderate drinking, adequate physical activity and a healthy diet was investigated among adult residents participating in the Early Screening and Comprehensive Intervention Project for High Risk Groups of Cardiovascular Diseases from 2016 to 2019. Multivariate regression models were employed to analyze the associations of individual characteristics with adherence to the four kinds of healthy lifestyles. Cox regression models were utilized to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause deaths and their 95% confidence intervals. Results Among the 27,676 study subjects, the proportions of non-smokers, non-drinkers or moderate drinkers, subjects with sufficient physical activity and those following a healthy diet were 76.1%, 97.3%, 24.2% and 10.8% respectively. Only 2.7% of the subjects had the above-mentioned four kinds of healthy lifestyles. Females, the elderly, non-farmers, urban residents, subjects with high income or high education level, those with hypertension or diabetes, and those with a history of cardiovascular disease were more likely to adhere to all the four above-mentioned healthy lifestyles (P<0.001). Subjects with sufficient physical activity had a lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR=0.58, 95%CI: 0.39-0.86). Conclusion Residents aged 35-75 years in Chongqing Municipality had a low proportion of following the four kinds of healthy lifestyles simultaneously. There is a need to focus on physical activity as well as a healthy diet, and implement personalized health education for populations with different characteristics so as to achieve better results in the prevention and control of chronic diseases.

Objective To understand the current status of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among females in Neijiang area, and to establish an infection prediction model. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 1,510 qualified clinical cases undergoing HPV screening in a large-scale comprehensive tertiary Class A hospital in Neijiang from May 2021 to November 2022. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for HPV infection, and then the results were employed to construct a prediction model for the training group. Data from January to February 2024 were used as the validation group for internal validation of the model. Results Among the screened females in this hospital, the total HPV infection rate was 39.00% (589/1,510), among which single infection accounted for 77.25% (455/589) and multiple infections 22.75% (134/589). The top five most common subtypes of HPV infection were as follows: HPV52 (8.21%, 124/1,510), HPV16 (6.69%, 101/1,510), HPV58 (6.16%, 93/1,510), HPV53 (4.57%, 69/1,510), and HPV39 (3.97%, 60/1,510). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis displayed that age (>30 years old), education level below junior college, sexual frequency (≥2 times per week), and non-normative contraceptive methods were independent risk factors for HPV infection (P<0.05). As for the training group, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.766 (95%CI: 0.740-0.792), with the sensitivity and specificity being 55.3% and 91.9% respectively. As for the verification group, the AUC was 0.797 (95%CI: 0.736-0.859), with the sensitivity and specificity being 68.8% and 78.1% respectively. The P-values based on the Hosmer-Lemeshow test in the two groups were both greater than 0.05, and the predicted curve of the calibration curves was basically consistent with the standard curve. The clinical decision curve analysis revealed that there was a good clinical net benefit when the threshold was greater than 18% in the training group as well as greater than 13% in the validation group. Conclusion Female HPV infection in Neijiang area was mainly dominated by HPV52, HPV16 and HPV58, and mainly affected by age (> 30 years old), education level below junior college, sexual frequency (≥2 times per week), and non-normative contraceptive methods. The model has good predictive performance and can be available for analyzing the risk of HPV infection in patients.

Objective To explore the changing trends in newly-born population and maternal and infant perinatal period outcomes in Changsha Hospital for Maternal & Child Health Care from 2015 to 2023, and to provide a basis for maternal and child health care services and policy formulation. Methods We collected the data about puerperae and live births in Changsha Hospital for Maternal & Child Health Care from 2015 to 2023, and then analyzed the changing trends in maternal fertility characteristics and perinatal outcomes by using descriptive statistical analysis method. Results From 2015 to 2023, the number of live births in this hospital showed an overall fluctuating downward trend. After the adjustment of birth policies, the birth population showed a short-term increase, with a year-on-year increase of 23.30% in 2016 and that of 5.33% in 2022. The average age of first childbirth of the puerperae increased from (27.60±3.27) years to (28.93±3.69) years. The proportion of elderly puerperae gradually increased over the years. The proportion of puerperae with a second child increased first and then decreased, reaching a peak of 46.12% (6,481/14,052) in 2017 and then decreasing to 37.77% (4,194/11,104). The proportion of puerperae with a third child showed an upward trend, increasing from 1.47% (169/11,508) to 5.30% (588/11,104). The main childbearing age group was puerperae aged 25-＜30 years, accounting for 42.33%, followed by those aged 30-＜35 years, accounting for 36.40%. There were statistically significant differences in delivery methods, adverse pregnancy outcomes and neonatal birthweights among puerperae of different age groups, while no statistically significant difference was found in neonatal birth defects among puerperae of different age groups. The cesarean section rate for first births showed an upward trend year by year (χ²_trend=602.101, P<0.001), while the cesarean section rate for second and higher order births showed a downward trend (χ²_trend=14.899, P<0.001). The incidence rate of macrosomia showed an overall downward trend, and the incidence rate of low birth weight infants showed a slow decreasing trend. Conclusion Newly-born population in Changsha Hospital for Maternal & Child Health Care during 2015-2023 showed a temporary fluctuating upward trend with the adjustment of birth policies. The proportions of elderly puerperae and multiparas increased, and the incidence rate of adverse perinatal outcomes also increased. It is necessary to continue to strengthen perinatal health care so as to reduce the occurrence of adverse perinatal outcomes.

Objective To explore the characteristics of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors among adolescents with depressive disorders and the mediating role of alexithymia and peer bullying in this association so as to provide references for prevention, treatment and intervention of adolescent depression and NSSI. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in multicenter psychiatric specialist hospitals from December 2020 to August 2022, and the data were collected through clinical interviews and self-administered questionnaires. The samples included 1,720 adolescents (aged 12-18 years). Depression levels, frequency of NSSI, alexithymia and experiences of peer bullying were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale, the Multidimensional Peer Victimization Scale and the Chinese version of the Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation respectively. Pearson correlation coefficient was employed to analyze the correlations of depression, alexithymia and peer bullying with NSSI, and Process plug-in was utilized to explore the correlations of individual depression level with NSSI as well as the mediating role of alexithymia and peer bullying in this correlation. Results Among the 1,720adolescent patients with depression and NSSI, 81.9% were females, with the average age of (14.85±1.64) years, 66.3% lived in cities, and 82.9% had alexithymia. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis displayed that depression scores were significantly positively correlated with alexithymia, peer bullying and NSSI (r=0.554, r=0.287, r=0.345, P<0.01). Alexithymia was significantly positively correlated with peer bullying and NSSI (r=0.227, r=0.296, P<0.01). Peer bullying was significantly positively correlated with NSSI (r=0.340, P<0.01). Alexithymia and peer bullying respectively played a mediating role between depressive disorders and NSSI (both P<0.01). Alexithymia and peer bullying jointly acted as chain mediators in the relationship between depression and NSSI (P<0.001). In the chain mediation model of depressive disorders-alexithymia-peer bullying-NSSI, the model fit was good, and the differences in all path coefficients showed statistically significant. Conclusion NSSI is more common in females, urban areas and alexithymia patients. There are significant correlations of depressive disorders, alexithymia and peer bullying with NSSI. Moreover, alexithymia and peer bullying play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of NSSI among adolescents with depressive disorders, and jointly constitute a chain-mediating pathway between depressive disorders and NSSI.

Objective To analyze the epidemic features of major respiratory infectious diseases in Hebi City from 2014 to 2023, and to provide a reference basis for improving prevention and control strategies. Methods We collected the cases of major respiratory infectious diseases in Hebi City from 2014 to 2023, and then descriptively analyzed their morbidity characteristics. The morbidity trend was analyzed by Cochran-Armitage trend test. Results A total of 30,538 cases of five major respiratory infectious diseases were reported in Hebi City during 2014-2023, the average annual reported incidence rate was 189.97/100,000, and the reported incidence rates showed an overall upward trend (Z=105.280, P<0.05). The reported incidence rates were, in the following order: influenza, pulmonary tuberculosis, SARS-CoV-2 infection, mumps and pertussis. Among them, the reported incidence rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection, pertussis and influenza showed upward trends (all P<0.05), while those of pulmonary tuberculosis and mumps showed downward trends (both P<0.05). The top three months in terms of the number of reported cases were January (12.68%), March (16.62%) and December (15.94%). There were statistically significant differences in the reported incidence rates among different counties and districts (P<0.05). The reported incidence rates were higher in males than in females (P<0.05). The main affected populations were children, adolescents, and the elderly, with farmers, students, scattered children, and nursery children being the primary groups. Conclusion The incidence of major respiratory infectious diseases in Hebi City in 2014-2023 showed upward trends. The prevalence of influenza and pulmonary tuberculosis and the resurgence of pertussis are the key points of respiratory infectious disease prevention and control in Hebi City in future.

Objective To understand the mortality level and distribution of causes of death among permanent residents in Qiyang City from 2020 to 2023, and to provide a basis and data support for formulating prevention and control strategies. Methods Statistical analysis was conducted on the monitoring data about causes of death obtained from the population death information registration and management system in Qiyang City. Results The crude death rates of residents in Qiyang City from 2020 to 2023 were 684.72/100,000, 730.15/100,000, 830.95/100,000 and 714.18/100,000 respectively, and the crude death rates were consistently higher in males than in females. The top five causes of death in the total population were heart disease, malignant tumors, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory system disease, and injuries and poisoning, among which heart disease consistently ranked as the leading cause of death. The top five causes of death in injuries and poisoning were accidental falls, suicide and its sequelae, road traffic accidents, drowning and accidental poisoning. Among those who died from accidental falls, the elderly aged 65 years and above accounted for 49.22%. Among those who died from road traffic accidents, the group aged 45-＜65 years accounted for 35.42%. Among those who died from drowning, the group aged 0-＜15 years accounted for 68.57%. Conclusion The main causes of death in residents in Qiyang City from 2020 to 2023 were still chronic non-communicable diseases. It is necessary to set up a prevention and control system for chronic diseases led by the government, coordinated by multiple departments and participated in by all people.

Objective To establish a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the efficient determination of caffeine, theobromine, theophylline, saccharin sodium and acesulfame-K in milk tea. Methods The samples were ultrasonically extracted with 60% methanol-water (V/V) and centrifuged, and the supernatant was purified through a 0.22 μm microporous membrane. The samples were separated by an Xbrige C₁₈ column, with ammonium acetate-methanol as the mobile phases for gradient elution. The samples were determined by high performance liquid chromatography, and quantified by the external standard method. Results The five analytes showed good linear relationships in the concentration ranges of 0.06-50 μg/mL, with the correlation coefficients (r) ≥ 0.9999. The limits of detection were 0.02-0.05 μg/mL, and the limits of quantification 0.06-0.15 μg/mL. The spiked recoveries ranged from 94.2% to 113%, and the relative standard deviation from 0.02% to 1.6%. Conclusion The method has simple, accurate and efficient pretreatment procedures, and is suitable for the simultaneous determination of caffeine, theobromine, theophylline, saccharin sodium and acesulfame-K in milk tea.

The elderly are the primary population affected by asthenia. Elderly patients with digestive tract tumors are affected by multiple factors such as the disease itself and age, which lead to further increase of asthenia risk. At present, there is a certain research basis for asthenia in elderly patients with digestive tract tumors both domestically and internationally, but differences still exist in management standards and intervention measures. This study summarizes the current status of asthenia in elderly patients with digestive tract tumors, and analyzes the commonly used clinical assessment tools and intervention plans for asthenia (oncological symptomatic treatment, physical exercise intervention, nutritional support, psychological intervention, and traditional Chinese medicine intervention) so as to provide references for promoting the establishment of unified management standards based on Chinese characteristics for frail elderly patients with digestive tract tumors and improve the patients’ quality of life and treatment efficacy.