Objective To analyze the changing trends in fall mortality rates and disease burden of death among the elderly in Chongqing Municipality during 2012-2023, and to provide suggestions for implementing targeted interventions. Methods Based on death cases with fall as the underlying cause of death (ICD-10: W00-W19) from the data about death cause surveillance in 2012-2023, SPSS 26.0 software was used to analyze the mortality rate, age-standardized mortality rate, years of life lost (YLL) rate due to premature death, average years of life lost (AYLL) and constituent ratio of death cause. χ² test was employed for mortality rate comparisons. Trend changes in the rates were represented by the average annual percentage change (AAPC). Results The fall mortality rate and age-standardized mortality rate among the elderly in Chongqing Municipality increased from 30.74/100,000 and 31.60/100,000 in 2012 to 52.95/100,000 and 44.36/100,000 in 2023, with the AAPC being 5.27% and 3.09% respectively, showing statistically significant differences in the changing trends (P<0.05). The fall mortality rates were consistently higher in males than in females, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). The fall mortality rates from 2012 to 2019 were all higher in the urban elderly than in the rural ones except that in 2016, but the fall mortality rates from 2020 to 2023 were higher in the rural elderly than in the urban ones, showing statistically significant differences (P<0.05). The基金项目:重庆市科卫联合项目(2022MSXM138);重庆第一批公共卫生重点学科(渝卫办发〔2022〕72 号)作者简介:丁贤彬(1970-),男,重庆江津区人,主任医师,公共卫生硕士,研究方向:慢性病与伤害防控。通信作者:杨弦弦,E-mail: xxyang_cqcdc@163.com。YLL rate due to falls in Chongqing Municipality increased from 4.68‰ in 2012 to 7.18‰ in 2023, with the AAPC being 4.24%, showing a statistically significant difference in the changing trend (P<0.05). The AYLL due to falls decreased from 15.23 years in 2012 to 13.56 years, with the AAPC being -1.18%, showing a statistically significant difference in the changing trend (P<0.05). Conclusion The fall mortality rates among the elderly in Chongqing Municipality are higher than the national average and show upward trends. Special attention should be paid to comprehensive interventions for falls prevention in the elderly.

Objective To understand the characteristics of fall injuries and their influencing factors amongst the elderly in Xiamen City, and to provide a scientific basis for the effective implementation of fall prevention interventions in Xiamen City. Methods Monitoring data about injuries in Xiamen City from 2022 to 2023 were collected and matched with the data regarding health examination of permanent residents aged 65 years and above surveyed in Xiamen’s basic public health services, and then the data related to injury cases in the elderly were obtained. Chi-square test and univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to analyze the characteristics of fall injuries and their influencing factors in the elderly. Results Among the injury cases in the elderly aged 65 years and above, fall injuries accounted for 56.47%. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that females (OR=1.447, 95%CI: 1.223-1.713), the elderly aged 75-＜85 years (OR=1.833, 95%CI: 1.552-2.165), those aged 85 years and above (OR=3.641, 95%CI: 2.754-4.814), those in public residential places (OR=1.715, 95%CI: 1.373-2.142), those during walking (OR=2.541, 95%CI: 1.951-3.308) and those suffering from diabetes (OR=1.361, 95%CI: 1.129-1.639) had a higher likelihood of fall injuries (all P<0.05). Compared with the elderly never exercising and never drinking, those exercising everyday (OR=0.790, 95%CI: 0.668-0.934) and those drinking occasionally (OR=0.716, 95%CI: 0.525-0.975) had a reduced likelihood of fall injuries (all P<0.05). Conclusion It is necessary to take comprehensive prevention measures like enhancing attention and intervention for high-risk groups, promoting physical exercise and improving residential environmental conditions so as to reduce the occurrence of falls among the elderly and ensure their health and safety.

Objective To explore the correlations between different obesity types and the risk of occurrence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 2,513 T2DM patients registered and managed in community health service centers in Qingpu District, Shanghai Municipality. According to whether body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) exceeded the standard, obesity types were divided into four categories: non-obesity, simple general obesity, simple central obesity and combined obesity. The Prediction for ASCVD Risk in China (China-PAR) model was used to assess CVDs risk in the patients. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to identify the impact of obesity types on CVDs risk in the T2DM patients. Results The non-high-risk (low-risk+ moderate-risk) and high-risk CVDs groups accounted for 43.73% and 56.27% of the total T2DM patients respectively. Among the four groups, the proportion of patients at high risk for CVDs in the combined obesity group was the highest (65.90%), being higher than those in the other three groups (P<0.05). After adjusting for covariates, multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in the likelihood of high risk of CVDs between simple general obesity/simple central obesity patients and non-obese patients (P>0.05). However, the likelihood of high risk of CVDs in combined obesity patients was 2.217 times that in non-obesity patients (OR=2.217, 95%CI:1.756-2.799; P<0.05). Conclusion More than half of the T2DM patients are at high risk for CVDs, indicating that T2DM patients should be the key population for health education and comprehensive interventions. Combined obesity is associated with high risk of CVDs.Screening combined obesity indicators can effectively improve the detection and identification of group at high risk of CVDs among the T2DM patients.

Objective To explore the correlation between physical activity and post-stroke depression (PSD), and to provide ideas for prevention and management of PSD. Methods Data related to stroke patients were collected based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2011 to 2018. Depression status was assessed using Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). A multifactor logistic regression model was constructed to evaluate the correlation between physical activity and PSD. Results Based on NHANES and PHQ-9, a total of 864 patients with stroke were enrolled into this study, and the incidence rate of PSD was 19.10%. Stroke patients in the PSD group (n=165) had lower working activity time, recreational activity time and activity energy expenditure compared with those in the control group (n=699), showing statistically significant differences between the two groups (P<0.05). The results of multifactor logistic regression analysis displayed that after adjusting for covariates like gender, age, race, education, marital status, income, alcohol consumption history and smoking history, moderate-to-vigorous working activity (OR=0.155, 95%CI: 0.090-0.269), moderate-to-vigorous recreational activity (OR=0.029, 95%CI: 0.017-0.048), weekly working activity time (OR=0.846, 95%CI: 0.797-0.898), recreational activity time (OR=0.261, 95%CI: 0.193-0.353) and activity energy expenditure (OR=0.682, 95%CI: 0.609-0.763) were all associated with a lower risk of PSD (P<0.05). Conclusion Increased physical activity is beneficial for reducing the risk of PSD. Promoting physical activity should be emphasized during the rehabilitation process of stroke patients; meanwhile, more comprehensive rehabilitation plans should be provided for the patients.

Objective To explore the correlation between the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) assisted by wearable devices and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in stroke patients, and to provide a basis for the early identification, prevention and intervention of LVH in stroke patients using wearable devices. Methods We selected a total of 200 stroke patients (including 129 males and 71 females) who visited the Outpatient Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and were hospitalized in Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital in December 2024, and then collected their general information, laboratory data and echocardiography results. According to the results of relative wall thickness (RWT) of left ventricle, the patients were divided into the normal left ventricular structure group (RWT ≤0.42) and the LVH group (RWT>0.42). Stroke patients in both groups underwent a 6MWT assisted by wearable devices. Results Among the 200 stroke patients, there were 64 patients in the normal left ventricular structure group and 136 patients in the LVH group, with the 6MWT distance being (510.17±97.93) m and (432.99±91.80) m respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the 6MWT distance (OR=0.994, 95%CI: 0.989-0.999) was negatively associated with LVH in the stroke patients. Conclusion Using wearable devices can achieve intelligent health assessment, early warning and efficacy evaluation of cardiac dysfunction in the stroke patients.

Objective To explore the impact of synergistic effect of temperature and atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) on the number of pneumonia hospitalizations, and to provide a basis for air pollution prevention and proactive health protection of sensitive groups. Methods Using generalized additive model (GAM) and smooth curve along with threshold and saturation effect analysis, we analyzed the exposure-response relationship of impact of synergistic effect of temperature and atmospheric PM_2.5 on the number of pneumonia hospitalizations in Lanzhou City from 2018 to 2022 after controlling for confounding factors such as time-series long-term trends, seasonal effects, holiday effects, average wind speed, and concentrations of PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂ and O₃. Results The median daily hospitalizations for emergency pneumonia were 14 cases. The relationship between daily average temperature and the number of pneumonia hospitalizations showed a typical unimodal trend, with the daily average temperature threshold being 9.9℃. Diurnal temperature range (DTR) was positively linearly correlated with the number of pneumonia hospitalizations. PM_2.5 and the number of pneumonia hospitalizations generally showed a fluctuating upward trend, with the relative risk of an increase in the number of pneumonia hospitalizations being 1.022 (95%CI: 1.013-1.035) for every 10 μg/m³ increase in PM_2.5 concentration. Moreover, significant synergistic enhancement effects were observed between DTR and PM_2.5 when PM_2.5 concentration ≥97 μg/m³. For every 1℃ increase in DTR, the risk of pneumonia hospitalizations would increase by 1.562% (95%CI: 1.132%-1.965%). Conclusion Sudden temperature changes and air pollution may be the important factors affectingthe number of pneumonia hospitalizations. Larger DTR and higher PM_2.5 concentration have more significant impacts on the number of pneumonia hospitalizations, with certain synergistic effects.

Objective To estimate the burden of excess mortality due to influenza in Shanghai Municipality from 2014 to 2019, and to provide a scientific basis for enhancing influenza prevention and control policies. Methods Based on Shanghai Influenza Surveillance Network, Mortality Registration System, Statistical Yearbooks and China Meteorological Data Service Center, we collected the surveillance data regarding influenza-like illness (ILI) cases, influenza etiology and causes of deaths as well as population and meteorological parameters in Shanghai Municipality during 2014-2019. Generalized additive models (GAMs) were used to estimate the burden of influenza-associated excess mortality for all-cause (AC) as well as respiratory and cardiovascular diseases (RCDs) during the 2014-2019 influenza seasons. Results During the period of 2014-2019, the average numbers of AC and RCDs excess mortality due to influenza per influenza season were 7,166 (95%CI: 5,586-9,059) and 5,170 (95%CI: 4,063-6,532) respectively, with the excess mortality rates being 29.04/100,000 (95%CI: 22.64-36.71/100,000) and 20.95/100,000 (95%CI: 16.47-26.47/100,000) respectively. The group aged ≥ 60 years had the highest AC and RCDs excess mortality rates due to influenza,which were 16.27 and 18.21 times that of the group aged 0-59 years respectively. Influenza A viruses caused a higher excess mortality rate than that from influenza B viruses, with the AC and RCDs excess mortality rates due to type A (H3N2) being the highest (11.90/100,000, 95%CI: 10.14-14.18/100,000; 8.19/100,000, 95%CI: 6.95-9.58/100,000). Conclusion Influenza has caused a significant burden of excess mortality in Shanghai Municipality, especially among the elderly aged ≥ 60 years. Therefore, influenza surveillance and vaccination for the elderly should be prioritized in influenza prevention and control work.

Objective To observe the protective effect and molecular mechanism of green tea derivative (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) against lead exposure-induced neuronal cell damage of hippocampus in mice, and to provide an effective preventive and curative drug against lead poisoning-induced brain function injury. Methods C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 0.2% lead acetate in drinking water for 8 weeks to establish lead exposure models, with EGCG (2 mg/kg) administered by gavage 3 times weekly for intervention. Blood lead levels of mice in each group were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Learning and memory abilities of mice in each group were evaluated using the Morris water maze test. The densities of dendritic spines of hippocampal neurons of mice in each group were assessed by Golgi-Cox staining, and the number of hippocampal neuronal cells was detected by immunofluorescence histochemistry. Western blot was used to analyze the expression of hippocampal neuronal proteins and mitochondrial fusion and fission-related proteins. A WST-8 assay kit was used to determine the changes in the total SOD enzyme activity, and explore the neurotoxic effects of lead, and the protective role of EGCG. Results Compared with the lead exposure group, the blood lead levels in the control group decreased (t=13.51, P<0.001). Mice in the lead exposure group exhibited fewer platform crossings than those in the control group (t=3.027, P=0.033). Compared with the control group, the lead exposure group showed decreases in the densities of dendritic spines of hippocampal neurons (t=14.340, P=0.006) andthe number of hippocampal neuronal cells (t=29.000, P=0.001). Compared with the lead exposure group, the co-exposure group showed increases in platform crossings (t=3.795, P=0.005), the densities of dendritic spines of hippocampal neurons (t=5.617, P=0.005) and the number of hippocampal neuronal cells (t=4.583, P=0.045). Compared with the control group, the lead exposure group exhibited upregulated expression of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), downregulated expression of mitofusin-1 (MFN1) and decreased total SOD enzyme activity. Compared with the lead exposure group, the co-exposure group displayed downregulated expression of DRP1 and upregulated expression of MFN1, showing statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Conclusion Lead can induce hippocampal neuronal cell damage in mice by disrupting mitochondrial morphological balance, while EGCG intervention can effectively inhibit lead-induced neurotoxicity.

Objective To explore the impact of interaction between elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and dyslipidemia on the incidence of hyperuricemia (HUA), and to provide a scientific basis for HUA prevention and treatment. Methods This study involved 6,609 individuals with complete physical examination data in Changsha, Hunan Province from January 2020 to January 2024. A case-control analysis was conducted on the metabolic status of 1,509 individuals with abnormal uric acid levels and 5,100 individuals with normal uric acid levels. SPSS 26.0 software was used to perform χ² test, univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses. A multiple regression analysis model was employed to explore the independent effects of risk factors. Additive and multiplicative models were utilized to assess the interaction between ALT and dyslipidemia, with calculations performed for the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attributable percent(ARP) and synergy index (SI). Results Among the 6,609 participants, 1,509 (22.83%) were diagnosed with HUA, 3,273 (49.52%) exhibited dyslipidemia, and 1,248 (18.89%) had elevated ALT levels. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that elevated ALT (OR=1.792, 95%CI: 1.469-2.013), elevated serum triglycerides (TG) (OR=1.501, 95%CI: 1.261-1.779) and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (OR=1.543, 95%CI: 1.334-1.804) were associated with a higher risk of HUA. Individuals with elevated ALT and dyslipidemia had a 3.736-fold higher risk of HUA compared with those with normal ALT and TG levels (OR=3.736, 95%CI: 3.061-4.545). Individuals with elevated ALT and decreased HDL-C levels had a 3.888-fold higher risk of HUA compared with those with normal ALT and HDL-C levels (OR=3.888, 95%CI: 3.228-4.673). Additive interaction was observed between these factors, with RERI, AP, and SI values for ALT and TG being 1.982, 42.3% and 2.371 respectively, and those for ALT and HDL-C being 1.837, 33.9% and 1.838 respectively. Conclusion Elevated ALT and abnormal TG and HDL-C may have an additive interaction effect on the development of HUA. Targeted control of ALT and lipid levels is conducive to the synergistic prevention of HUA.

Objective To understand the prevalence and changing trends of tobacco use among middle school students in Bao’an District of Shenzhen City, and to provide a scientific basis for relevant departments to formulate targeted tobacco control interventions for adolescents. Methods A multi-stage stratified random sampling method was used to select 13 schools in 2018 and 12 schools in 2023. The questionnaire of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) China Program was used to investigate the prevalence of tobacco uses among middle school students in Bao’an District of Shenzhen City. Chi-square test was employed to compare the prevalence rates of tobacco use between the two surveys. Results The overall current smoking rate among middle school students in Bao’an District of Shenzhen City decreased from 4.26% in 2018 to 1.92% in 2023, and the smoking attempt rate decreased from 11.76% in 2018 to 5.69% in 2023. The current use rate of e-cigarettes in middle school students in Bao’an District of Shenzhen City fell from 3.70% in 2018 to 2.50%, and the e-cigarette attempt rate decreased from 8.02% in 2018 to 3.80% in 2023 (P<0.05). Middle school students’ secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure rate in different types of venues like home, inside enclosed public places, outdoor public places and schools (inside or outside buildings) decreased from 41.28%, 60.47%, 65.78% and 43.38% in 2018 to 36.92%, 53.53%, 59.21% and 33.21% in 2023 respectively (P<0.05). Middle school students’ cognition and attitudes towards tobacco use and tobacco control behaviors showed improvements, but the awareness rates of tobacco addiction and tobacco control complaint hotlines were still relatively low, only remaining at 34.74% and 30.32% in 2023 respectively. The willingness to quit smoking among middle school students with smoking was still relatively low, with only 37.29% in 2023. Conclusion The prevalence of tobacco use among middle school students in Bao’an District of Shenzhen City has remained at a low level in recent years, with insufficient cognition of tobacco addiction and low willingness to quit smoking. SHS exposure and e-cigarette use still require attention.

Objective To explore the mechanism of changes in lipid metabolism pathway mediated by melatonin receptor and nuclear receptor in short-term sleep deprived mice, and to explain the lipid metabolism related mechanism regarding the impact of short-term sleep deprivation on health. Methods Two-month-old C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into three groups, with 8 mice in each group. A mouse sleep deprivation device was used in the sleep deprivation group, with sleep deprivation being 20 hours per day for 10 consecutive days. Mice in the control group were allowed to sleep freely for 10 days. Mice in the sleep deprivation and melatonin supplementation group underwent sleep deprivation, and melatonin was administered via intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 10 μg/g body weight per day, with a single injection at 20∶00 pm each day. After modeling, body weight was measured, and serum, liver and adipose tissue were collected. We detected serum melatonin concentration, protein expression levels of adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα), silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), retinoid-related orphan receptor α (RORα), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1C (SREBP-1C) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) in liver tissue, and expression levels of fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase (HSL) in adipose tissue. Results Body weights of mice in the sleep deprivation group were significantly higher than those in the control group and the sleep deprivation and melatonin supplementation group (F=12.454, P<0.001), but their concentrations of melatonin were lower than those in the two groups (F=14.042, P<0.001). The expression levels of AMPKα (F=23.338, P<0.001), SIRT1 (F=93.706, P<0.001), PGC-1α (F=4.264, P=0.028) and PPARα in liver tissues of mice in the sleep deprivation group decreased significantly (F=68.695, P<0.001), while the expression levels of RORα (F=89.048, P<0.001), SREBP-1C (F=13.478, P<0.001) and PPARγ (F=19.267, P<0.001) increased significantly. The expression levels of LPL (F=17.957, P<0.001) and HSL (F=22.106, P<0.001) in adipose tissue of mice in the sleep deprivation group were significantly reduced, while the expression levels of FAS (F=33.863, P<0.001) and ACC1 (F=16.103, P<0.001) increased significantly. Conclusion Sleep deprivation can reduce melatonin secretion, thereby leading to changes in lipid metabolism pathway mediated by its receptor. This promotes a metabolic shift toward fat synthesis and accelerates body weight gain.

Objective To analyze the incidence characteristics of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) with pneumococcal vaccines in Hebei Province in 2020-2022, and to evaluate the safety of these vaccines. Methods AEFI cases related to pneumococcal vaccination in Hebei Province from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2022 were collected from AEFI Surveillance Module of the China Information System for Diseases Control and Prevention. The incidence characteristics and reported incidence rate of AEFI were descriptively analyzed, and the vaccine safety was assessed. Results A total of 820 AEFI cases related to pneumococcal vaccines were reported in Hebei Province from 2020 to 2022, with the average annual reported incidence rate of 44.34/100,000 doses. The total reported incidence rates of AEFI with 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) were 33.27/100,000 doses and 53.59/100,000 doses respectively. The incidence rates of general reactions, abnormal reactions and severe adverse reactions following PCV13 were 32.32/100,000 doses, 0.36/100,000 doses and 0.12/100,000 doses respectively, and those following PPSV23 were 51.41/100,000 doses, 1.59/100,000 doses and 0.89/100,000 doses respectively. General reactions were predominantly fever, while abnormal reactions were predominantly allergic reactions, mostly occurring within 24 hours after vaccination, with an overall good prognosis. Conclusion Two pneumococcal vaccines, namely PCV13 and PPSV23, used in Hebei Province from 2020 to 2022 showed good overall safety, with extremely low reported incidence rates of abnormal reactions.

Objective To understand the true incidence level of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Yunnan Province from 2020 to 2022, identify existing problems through an analysis, and propose recommendations to improve diagnostic reporting quality. Methods We investigated confirmed and clinically diagnosed cases of typhoid and paratyphoid fever reported in Yunnan Province from 2020 to 2022. Using a multistage stratified sampling, 7 prefectures/cities with the highest number of reported cases during 2020-2022 were selected as surveyed sites. Medical institutions were stratified based on province, prefecture/city, county and township. The reported cases were stratified by confirmed and clinical diagnoses, and then randomly selected. Original medical records were reviewed to complete case information extraction forms. Diagnostic accuracy was evaluated according to the Diagnostic Criteria for Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever (WS 280-2008) and the National Surveillance Program for Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever. Results A total of 857 cases from 40 medical institutions were investigated, with the overall diagnostic accuracy rate of 32.09% (275/857). The diagnostic accuracy rate was higher in confirmed cases than in clinically diagnosed cases (51.37% vs. 11.93%) as well as higher in paratyphoid fever cases than in typhoid fever cases (59.90% vs. 24.06%). Honghe Prefecture had the highest diagnostic accuracy rate (56.76%), while Qujing City had the lowest (11.19%). The diagnostic accuracy rate was found to be the highest in provincial-level medical institutions (43.82%), and the lowest in township-level ones (9.09%). Among the 857 cases, only 35.12% actually met the criteria for confirmed or clinically diagnosed cases. Compared with the diagnostic accuracy rate (29.36%) investigated in 2016, there was no significant improvement in the diagnostic accuracy rates of typhoid and paratyphoid fever cases in Yunnan Province from 2020 to 2022. Conclusion The diagnostic accuracy rates of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Yunnan Province from 2020 to 2022 were relatively low, primarily due to clinicians’ insufficient mastery of diagnostic criteria and related knowledge. It is recommended that medical institutions strengthen training on diagnostic knowledge related to typhoid and paratyphoid fever among clinicians, and grassroots CDCs should incorporate the diagnostic accuracy of typhoid and paratyphoid fever into routine supervision.

Objective To systematically evaluate the unqualified rate of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and its affecting factors amongst unpaid blood donors, and to provide references and a basis for formulating blood donor recruitment strategies and reducing the unqualified rate of ALT. Methods A computerized search was conducted in databases like CNKI, VIP, WanFang, CBM, Pubmed, the Cochrane Library and Web of Science for published studies on the unqualified rate of ALT and its influencing factors among unpaid blood donors. The search period was from January 2010 to August 2024. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed for all included studies, and Stata 17.0 software was used for a meta-analysis. Results A total of 8 studies involving 294,216 unpaid blood donors were included. Meta-analysis displayed that the ALT unqualified rate in China was 6.38% (95%CI: 5.33%-7.43%). Funnel plot analysis indicated symmetrical distribution of the included studies, suggesting no obvious publication bias. Meta-analysis revealed that males (OR=2.87, 95%CI: 1.75-4.71), married status (OR=1.50, 95%CI: 1.07-2.10), older age group (OR=1.58, 95%CI: 1.19-2.10), high body mass index (BMI) (OR=5.11, 95%CI: 1.55-16.84), staff (OR=1.99, 95%CI: 1.65-2.40), first-time blood donation (OR=1.38, 95%CI: 1.07-1.78), blood donation in summer (OR=3.03, 95%CI: 1.55-5.91), and blood donation in autumn (OR=3.36, 95%CI: 1.59-7.12) were significant influencing factors for the unqualified ALT (P<0.05). Conclusion The ALT unqualified rate varies across the studies, and elevated ALT is influenced by multiple factors. We can strengthen publicity for unpaid blood donation targeting controllable factors and conduct relevant health education so as to further reduce the ALT unqualified rate and provide a scientific basis for ensuring blood safety.

Objective To develop a rapid method for detecting 10 kinds of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in serum using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. Methods Sample pretreatment methods, gas chromatography conditions and mass spectrometry parameters were optimized. Serum samples were extracted by a liquid-liquid extraction procedure, detected by multiple response monitoring (MRM) mode and quantified by internal standard method. Results The linearity of the calibration curves of all PBDEs was observed within a given concentration range, and the correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.9972. The method detection limits were in the range of 0.006-0.035 μg/L. The spiked recoveries ranged from 89.0% to 114%, and the intra-day precision from 1.5% to 5.0% (n=6). This method was applied to detect 60 samples, and 5 kinds of PBDEs were detected, with BDE-47 showing the highest detection rate (93.3%). Conclusion This method features simple pretreatment, accurate and reliable results, low detection limits and high sensitivity, making it suitable for the simultaneous and efficient determination of 10 kinds of PBDEs in serum. The establishment of this method provides technical support for human biological monitoring of PBDEs.

Objective To investigate and analyze the contamination status and safety risks of pathogenic microorganisms in spices and powders sold in Chuxiong Prefecture, Yunnan Province, and to provide a technical basis for formulating foodborne disease prevention and control measures and food safety standards. Methods We collected different types and packaging forms of spices, powders and spices products from urban and rural farmers’ markets, supermarkets/convenience stores, roadside stalls and online stores in 10 counties (cities) of Chuxiong Prefecture in 2023, and performed pathogenic microorganism detection as well as whole-genome sequencing analysis of fungal communities. Results A total of 52 samples from 8 varieties were monitored, with pathogenic bacteria being detected in 46.15% of the samples. Specifically, the detection rates of Cronobacter, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella were 44.23%, 9.62% and 1.92% respectively, while Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus were not detected. The detection rate of molds (plate method) was found to be 86.54%. The top three predominant fungal species were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Rhizopus stolonifer. Fungal communities were isolated from all samples by whole-gene sequencing, with the top three dominant fungal orders being Malasseziales, Diaporthales and Cystofilobasidiales. Pathogenic bacteria were detected in more than 50.00% of samples of 5 spices, namely cumin, pepper, Amomum tsaoko, star anise, and dipping seasonings, as well as their products. Bacillus cereus and Cronobacter were simultaneously detected in 1 sample of pepper, 1 sample of Zanthoxylum and 1 sample of star anise. Salmonella and Cronobacter were simultaneously detected in 1 sample of pepper. Bacillus cereus and Cronobacter were simultaneously detected in 1 sample of dipping seasonings. Nostatistically significant differences were observed in the positivedetection rates of pathogenic bacteria among spices and their products with different sampling links, packaging types and from different seasons. Conclusion Pathogenic microorganism contamination is prevalent in spices, powders and spice products sold in Chuxiong Prefecture, with particularly prominent contamination by molds and Cronobacter.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is a serious acute respiratory infectious disease that poses significant risks to human health. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectors/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients have impaired immune function and are highly susceptible to various bacterial and viral infections as well as tumors. At present, the researches on co-infection with HIV and SARS-CoV-2 are still very limited. Therefore, this study reviews domestic and international researches on infection risk, clinical manifestations, disease outcomes and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination of HIV and SARS-CoV-2 co-infected individuals, aiming to clarify the relationship between HIV and SARS-CoV-2 infection.